Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely

Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov

Hawaii Rental Car Deals

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Hawaiian Recipe Collections Your

Hawaiian Recipe Collections  You are here: About > Travel > Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors > Recipes > Recipe Collections Travel Go Hawaii Essentials Which Hawaiian Island Suits You Best? Clickable Map of the Hawaiian Islands Beach Guide Hawaii Pictures Clickable Map of Maui, Hawaii Topics A Hawaii Vacation Planner Big Island of Hawaii Kauai Maui / Molokai / Lanai Oahu / Honolulu / Waikiki South Pacific Culture, History & Language Hawaii Lodging Hula Luau Maps and Weather Pearl Harbor Photos, Video & Cams Recipes Shopping and Gifts Buyer's Guide Tastes of Paradise from Hilo Hattie HilHilo Hattie Dresses and Sarongs Multi-Day Guided Tours Top Hawaii Guidebooks Top Maui / Molokai / Lanai Guidebooks Forums Help FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses   Search Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors > Recipes > Recipe Collections Hawaiian Recipe Collections Your guide to the best Hawaiian recipes collections on the Net. Articles & Resources Sort By : Guide Picks | Alphabetical | Recent Aloha World's Ono Recipes This Website was inspired from a collection of the local style recipes that visitors posted on the Aloha World message board and shared in chat Aunty Leilani's Island Weekly Recipes The folks at Hawaii Internet Island provide a nice, well indexed list of local recipes. Dorie's Hawaiian Style Recipes and Links Dorie grew up on "Local-Style" cuisine which is a combination of many diverse cooking techniques from the many cultures that thrive in the islands - among these are Hawaiian, Filipino, Chinese, Japanese, Samoan, Korean, and Portuguese. The Electric Kitchen From the folks at Hawaiian Electric Company a variety of recipes from seasonal (Thanksgiving, Christmas), to ethnic culinary cooking (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, etc.) Favorite Local Grinds Webmaster Dorrie shares some of her favorite local Hawaiian favorites. Hawaiian Grilling Recipes Barnecues and Grilling Guide Derrick Riches tells how to grill Kalua Pig, Citrus Tuna and Shrimp on Sugar Cane Skewers. Kailua Crafters Recipes The folks at Kailua Crafters share recipes for haupia, chicken long rice, oven kalua pork, Portugese bean soup and more. Local Kine Recipes v2.0 Art Pollard has amassed an amazing collection of local Hawaiian recipes which are well indexed for easy reference. Mixed-Plate Hawaii Recipes A web site devoted to Hawai`i's favorite pastime - eating. Lots of recipes gathered from across the web can be found here. RecipeSource Hawaiian Recipes RecipeSource presents and ever increasing index of Hawaiian recipes. Sam Choy's Recipes A collection of weekly recipes from Hawaii's most famous chef presented by KHNL News 8 and Sure Save Supermarkets.   Topic Index | Email to a Friend Our Story | Be a Guide | Advertising Info | Work at About | Site Map | Icons | Help User Agreement | Ethics Policy | Patent Info. | Privacy Policy | Kids' Privacy Policy ©2006 About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company . All rights reserved. Around About Tips to Losing Weight Guide to Distance Learning How to Travel for Less PHOTOS: Italy PHOTOS: Hybrid Cars What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999 Headlines Plumeria Photos from Hawaii Plumeria is the most common flower that you'll find in... You Won't See This Sign at Home! This certainly isn't a sign that you've ever seen near... Atlantis Submarine Tour Maui Since I had just experienced the Atlantis Submarine Tour on... Maui Swap Meet Photos Held every Saturday from 7:00 a.m. to noon is the...

Hawaiian History Calendar for

Hawaiian Historical Society New HHS Publications Ka Mooolelo Hawaii The History of Hawaii Hawaiian Journal of History, Volume 39 Hawaiian History Calendar for 2006 About HHS HHS Library Publications Reference History Moments Historic Register Links Site Map Search The first Hawaiian Historical Society Pa‘a Mo‘olelo Award has been presented to Esther T. Mookini. Click here to read more about the award and its first recipient. Welcome Welcome to the on-line service of the Hawaiian Historical Society . Founded in 1892, the Society is dedicated to preserving historical materials relating to Hawai‘i and the Pacific region and to publishing scholarly research on Hawaiian and Pacific history. In addition, the Society presents lectures and other programs, free to the public, on various aspects of Hawaiian history. The Library of the Hawaiian Historical Society provides a research collection of printed and manuscript material for use by scholars, historians, history buffs, serious students, Society members, and others in the community interested in the history of Hawai‘i and the Pacific Island area. The Hawaiian Historical Society is widely known through its publications , which include a Papers series published between 1892 and 1940, Annual Reports, The Hawaiian Journal of History, and books emphasizing original sources. Hawaii History Moments are short descriptive essays on various topics from Hawai‘i’s colorful history, originally written as texts for a series of radio broadcasts. The Hawaiian Historical Society Web Reference Collection contains a convenient assortment of bibliographies, lists, and other guides useful in researching Hawai‘i’s past. This selective list of links to other sites on the World Wide Web provides pointers to material of particular interest to historians. Use this link to search the entire Hawaiian Historical Society Web site for topics of interest. Dedicated to collecting and preserving historical materials related to Hawai‘i.

Hawaiian Quilt" Table of

Hawaiian Quilting - LoveToKnow Crafts Log in Hawaiian Quilting From LoveToKnow Crafts Hawaiian quilting is a distinctive art form using brightly colored fabrics and elaborate stitching. They often incorporate images of indigenous flowers and plants, and are truly stunning masterpieces of fabric and thread. "/wiki/Image:Callalilypillow200.jpg" class="image" title="Hawaiian Quilt" Table of contents 1 History of Hawaiian quilts 2 Hawaiian sensibility in quilting 3 Making your own Hawaiian quilt 4 Related articles "/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Quilting&action=edit&section=1" title="Hawaiian Quilting" History of Hawaiian quilts According to ( http://www.quiltshawaii.com/tradition.html ) , quilts evolved as an art form in Hawaii rather than a necessity, because the climate is mild. Hawaiian quilting really is different from other types of quilting in three basic ways: Whole pieces of cloth are used for the designs, instead of pieces like other quilts. Only two colors of fabric are used. The motif is cut using the “snowflake” method. The design motif is echoed in the quilting. Missionaries to the islands introduced quilting to the native women. Because they didn’t have scraps of fabric lying around (since indigenous clothing often consisted of wraps made of whole cloth) they developed their own methods of quilt design. Missionaries also influenced the way Hawaiian quilts are cut. The design part of the quilt is cut out in the same way that a child would make a paper snowflake. The fabric is folded several times and cut along the edge, ensuring that all sides of the design are symmetrical. "/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Quilting&action=edit&section=2" title="Hawaiian Quilting" Hawaiian sensibility in quilting In addition to having a different reason to make quilts, Hawaiians also tend to have a different attitude about making quilts. Not merely a utilitarian item, Hawaiian quilts reflect the beauty of the world around the quilters. A beautiful, well-balanced design was considered a gift, and the spirit of the person who made the quilt was said to live on in her work. Thus quilts were often destroyed when the quiltmaker died so her soul could be at peace. Because of this, and the salty, humid environment of the islands, many old Hawaiian quilts are no longer in existence. Those quilts that still exist often are kept within a family and not often seen by outsiders. It is a recent occurrence that Hawaiian quilting has been openly taught and shared. "/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Quilting&action=edit&section=3" title="Hawaiian Quilting" Making your own Hawaiian quilt If you don’t have the luxury of going to Hawaii and taking a quilting class from a master at the craft, don’t worry. You can find a treasure trove of information about the craft on the Internet. Here are some good resources. ( http://www.quiltshawaii.com/howtosub.html ) has a good tutorial and video about Hawaiian quilting. ( http://www.nvo.com/poakalani/files/ ) has instructions for Hawaiian quilts, as well as tips, hints and instructions for cutting out your pattern. If you’re ever in Honolulu, this is the place to take quilting classes or see a demonstration, as well. ( http://members.tripod.com/~Honu_Hale/ ) has a lengthy tutorial on Hawaiian quilting, and includes patterns that you can buy. ( http://www.quilthawaiian.com/hawaiianquilting.htm ) offers all sorts of tips and instructions on Hawaiian quilting, including such good information as how to avoid fraying when working on your appliqué. Hawaiian quilts are like a living art form. Each quilt is unique and carries the spirit and emotions of the person who designed and made the quilt. The spirit of generosity and attitude toward life found in Hawaiian quilts and their quilters is something that quilters everywhere and in every style can adapt to their own quilting projects. Remember to quilt with your heart, and put something of yourself into every project you do, and you will be quilting in Hawaiian spirit, if not Hawaiian style. "/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Quilting&action=edit&section=4" title="Hawaiian Quilting" Related articles Beginner Quilting Machine Quilting Pattern Quilting Keepsake Quilting Crazy Quilting Categories : Quilting This page was last modified 11:28, 30 Dec 2005. This page has been accessed 107 times. "/wiki/LoveToKnow_Crafts:About" title="LoveToKnow Crafts:About"About LoveToKnow Crafts "/wiki/LoveToKnow_Crafts:General_disclaimer" title="LoveToKnow Crafts:General disclaimer"Disclaimers © 2005 LoveToKnow Corp. "http://www.mediawiki.org/" --