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Introduction to Skin Cancer An Introduction to Skin Cancer And Related Topics ________________________________________________________ Daily UV Forecast Recent News News Search . . . Site Index . Reusable UV Card $4.95 NEW! Digital UV Monitor $29.95 About This Page What Causes Skin Cancer? Sunburn, Sunlight, and Tanning Heredity Environment What is Skin Cancer? Basal Cell & Squamous Cell Melanoma How can I determine my personal risk? Are there precautions that will reduce my risk? The UV Index Daily Forecast for 30 U.S. Cities Ultra Violet Sensometer Diagnosis and Treatment Information A Glossary of Terms Additional Information Always consult a physician with your questions concerning the health effects of UV exposure About This Page Our intention is to provide a general introduction to Skin Cancer, with links to specific information available around the Net. Please send us your comments, suggestions, and information about sites not listed here. E-mail form here. We would like to make this page a gathering place for all available information about skin cancer and related subjects. Your help will make it as complete as possible. What Causes Skin Cancer? Sunburn and Sunlight Very simply, sunburn and UV light can damage your skin, and this damage can lead to skin cancer. There are of course other determining factors, including your heredity and the environment you live in. However, both the total amount of sun received over the years, and overexposure resulting in sunburn can cause skin cancer. Most people receive 80% of their lifetime exposure to the sun by 18 years of age. The message to parents from this is to protect your children. Tanning is your skin's response to UV light. It is a protective reaction to prevent further injury to your skin from the sun. However, it does not prevent skin cancer. Remember, skin cancer is very slow to develop. The sunburn you receive this week may take 20 years or more to become skin cancer. Heredity If there is a history of skin cancer in your family, you are probably at a higher risk. People with fair skin, with a northern European heritage appear to be most susceptible. Environment The level of UV light today is higher than it was 50 or 100 years ago. This is due to a reduction of ozone in the earth's atmosphere (the Ozone Hole). Ozone serves as a filter to screen out and reduce the amount of UV light that we are exposed to. With less atmospheric ozone, a higher level of UV light reaches the earth's surface. Other influencing factors include elevation, latitude, and cloud cover. Ultra Violet light is stronger as elevation increases. The thinner atmosphere at higher altitudes cannot filter UV as effectively as it can at sea level. The rays of the sun are also strongest near the equator, as you might guess. But even in Antarctica, Chile, and New Zealand, the UV level is much higher than normal especially in the springtime due to the ozone hole in the southern hemisphere. One factor that actually reduces UV is cloud cover. Climates and micro-climates with regular cloud cover may have a 50% lower level of UV light. The actual amount is affected by the density of the clouds. September 1995 Measurements of Antarctic Ozone The latest HALOE data in the form of a 100 mb surface cross section of column ozone (DU) is available. Please consult the data interpretation page for more information about the sampling pattern of HALOE. United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Press Release Measurements of the Ozone Hole this year show it "was so far the most rapid depletion on record." An area the size of Europe received significantly higher levels of ultra violet exposure. Environmental Protection Agency - Ozone Depletion Page This web site contains information about the science of ozone depletion, regulations in the US designed to protect the ozone layer, flyers about the UV index, information for consumers, and other topics. What is Skin Cancer? (From the National Cancer Institute PDQ Statement) Skin cancer is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the outer layers of your skin. Your skin protects your body against heat, light, infection, and injury. It also stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has two main layers and several kinds of cells. The top layer of skin is called the epidermis. It contains three kinds of cells: flat, scaly cells on the surface called squamous cells; round cells called basal cells; and cells called melanocytes, which give your skin its color. BASAL CELL & SQUAMOUS CELL (From the National Cancer Institute PDQ Statement) There are several types of cancer that start in the skin. The most common are basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer, which are covered in this PDQ patient information statement. Skin cancer is more common in people with light colored skin who have spent a lot of time in the sunlight. Skin cancer can occur anywhere on your body, but it is most common in places that have been exposed to more sunlight, such as your face, neck, hands, and arms. Skin cancer can look many different ways. The most common sign of skin cancer is a change on the skin, such as a growth or a sore that won't heal. Sometime there may be a small lump. This lump can be smooth, shiny and waxy looking, or it can be red or reddish brown. Skin cancer may also appear as a flat red spot that is rough or scaly. Not ail changes in your skin are cancer, but you should see your doctor if you notice changes in your skin. Full Text Available Here MELANOMA (From the National Cancer Institute PDQ Statement) Melanoma is a disease of the skin in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the cells that color the skin (melanocytes). Melanoma usually occurs in adults, but it may occasionally be found in children and adolescents. Your skin protects your body against heat, light, infection, and injury. It is made up of two main layers: the epidermis (the top layer) and dermis (the inner layer). Melanocytes are found in the epidermis and they contain melanin, which gives the skin its color. Melanoma is sometimes called cutaneous melanoma or malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a more serious type of cancer than the more common skin cancers, basal cell cancer or squamous cell cancer, which begin in the basal or squamous cells of the epidermis. If you have basal cell or squamous cell cancer of the skin, refer to the patient information statement for skin cancer. Like most cancers, melanoma is best treated when it is found (diagnosed) early. Melanoma can spread (metastasize) quickly to other parts of the body through the lymph system or through the blood. (Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are found throughout the body; they produce and store infection-fighting cells.) You should see your doctor if you have any of the following warning signs of melanoma: change in the size, shape, or color of a mole; oozing or bleeding from a mole; or a mole that feels itchy, hard, lumpy, swollen, or tender to the touch. Melanoma can also appear on the body as a new mole. Men most often get melanoma on the trunk (the area of the body between the shoulders and hips) or on the head or neck; women most often get melanoma on the arms and legs. If you have signs of skin cancer, your doctor will examine your skin carefully. If a mole or pigmented area doesn't look normal, your doctor will cut it out (called local excision) and look at it under the microscope to see if it contains cancer. This is usually done in a doctor's office. It is important that this biopsy is done correctly. Full Text Available Here How can I determine my personal risk? It is estimated that 1 out of 7 people in the United States will develop some form of this cancer during their lifetime. One serious sunburn can increase the risk by as much as 50%. The effect UV light has on your skin is dependent both upon the intensity and the duration of your exposure. How your skin reacts to the amount of exposure received is related to your genetic background. Even if you rarely sunburn however, sensitive areas such as your lips, nose, and palms of the hands should be protected. Details about determining your skin type and accompanying risk can be found at: THE EXPERIMENTAL ULTRAVIOLET INDEX FACTSHEET: EXPLAINING THE INDEX TO THE PUBLIC Are there precautions that will reduce my risk? The following six steps have been recommended by the American Academy of Dermatology and the Skin Cancer Foundation to help reduce the risk of sunburn and skin cancer. Minimize your exposure to the sun at midday and between the hours of 10:00AM and 3:00PM. Apply sunscreen with at least a SPF-15 or higher, to all areas of the body which are exposed to the sun. Reapply sunscreen every two hours, even on cloudy days. Reapply after swimming or perspiring. Wear clothing that covers your body and shades your face. (Hats should provide shade for both the face and back of the neck.) Avoid exposure to UV radiation from sunlamps or tanning parlors. Protect your children. Keep them from excessive sun exposure when the sun is strongest (10:00AM and 3:00PM), and apply sunscreen liberally and frequently to children 6 months of age and older. Do not use sunscreen on children under 6 months of age. Parents with children under 6 months of age should severely limit their children's sun exposure. The UV Index The UV Index provides a forecast of your likely UV exposure at noon. This forecast can help you determine what level SPF sunscreen will best protect your skin. The forecast is based on a scale of 1 (low) to 15 (high). Here is an explanation of how the UV Index works. Forecast for 30 U.S. Cities The United States Environmental Protection Agency recently began issuing a daily UV FORECAST for 30 metropolitan areas around the country. This rating is also broadcast by weather radio, and on local television weather programs. The Ultra Violet Sensometer You may also determine the UV level for your area and conditions with a measuring device such as the Ultra Violet Sensometer . The Sensometer is an inexpensive, credit card sized device that measures UV light. As with the UV Forecast, you may then determine the proper SPF sunscreen. The Sensometer can also be used to test the effectiveness of your sunscreen, and when it is time to apply more sunscreen. Diagnosis and Treatment Information ALWAYS see your personal physician or dermatologist with any questions you may have about skin cancer, it's causes, diagnosis, and treatment. The following sites may provide supplemental reading. Skin Cancers - A Medical Education Service for the Public By Singapore National Skin Centre - With Photos The National Cancer Institute PDQ Statement - Basal And Squamous Cell The National Cancer Institute PDQ Statement - Melanoma The National Cancer Institute PDQ Statement - Screening for Skin Cancer CancerGuide - Treatment of Melanoma Welcome to Cancer Links Many of the links included here are from cancer-faq. Maintained by E. Loren Buhle, Jr. Ph.D. Co-Creater of ONCOLINK, buhlel01@mcrcr6.med.nyu.edu This list is updated monthly in usenet group - sci.med.diseases.cancer and subsequetially posted world wide in BBS, Echos, Usenet Groups, gophers and Home Pages. This list is recommended and available from many of the sources listed. ________________________________________________________ Always consult a physician with your questions concerning the health effects of UV exposure. ________________________________________________________ Hawaii TravelState of Hawaii Travel Guide, Honolulu City Attractions & Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Vacation Packages - SeeAmerica.org United Kingdom | Espanol | Portugues | Deutsch | Japanese About SeeAmerica.org Site Map Contact Events & Festivals Cities & Regions Activities & Attractions Hotels & Accommodations Shopping Restaurants & Dining Fast Facts Weather Transportation Local Media Travel Articles Multimedia Gallery Did You Know? Send an e-postcard Maps, Guides & More Official Hawaii Website Request Official Visitor's Guide Home > Hawaii Print Page Email this Page Add to Favorites Hawaii at a Glance Capital: Honolulu Nickname: Aloha State Bird: Nene Tree: Kukui - Cadlenut Largest City: Honolulu Official State Website http://www.gohawaii.com/ Request Official Visitor's Guide Official Contact Information Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau 1001 Bishop Street, Pauahi Tower, Suite 950 Honolulu, HI 96813 808-531-0244 Be reminded of upcoming events, learn about special travel deals and be notified of special offers and sweepstake promotions. Sign Up Today! Great Trip Ideas A Week In Hawaii by Tauck World Discovery Hawaiian Islands 12-Day Best of Hawaii by Tauck World Discovery Surfing Hawaii - Take a special surf trip to Hawaii Hawaii Adventure Cruise with San Francisco - Titan HiTours Show Me More... Hiking through Hawaii's lush rainforests... Lounging on a secluded beach... Cruising down a volcano on a mountain bike at top speed... These are just a few of the myriad of activities you can do while in Hawaii - The Islands of Aloha. From catching a sunset sail on a balmy, tropical evening to hitting the ski slopes at Mauna Kea crater, Hawaii offers activities to please each individual. You can snorkel, hike, explore and catch an afternoon luau all in one day. The choice is yours. Upcoming Events Show Me More... Travel Industry Services & Login | Link to Us | Suggest Content | About SeeAmerica.org | Site Map Contact Us | Home | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use | Advertise With Us © 2005 SeeAmerica.org and the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) All Rights Reserved. Maui snorkeling and whalewatchingGoogle Directory - Regional > North America > United States > Hawaii > Maui > Recreation and Sports > Snorkeling Directory Help Search only in Snorkeling Search the Web Snorkeling Regional > North America > United States > Hawaii > Maui > Recreation and Sports > Snorkeling Go to Directory Home Web Pages Viewing in Google PageRank order View in alphabetical order Trilogy Excursions - http://www.sailtrilogy.com/ Sails from Maui to Lanai and Molokini, offers snorkeling, scuba, dolphin and whale watching. Maui Princess Cruises - http://www.mauiprincess.com/ Maui Princess and Lahaina Princess offers snorkel, dive or sunset dinner cruises. Blue Water Rafting Adventures - http://www.bluewaterrafting.com/ Snorkeling and whale watching options available for your Maui vacation. Prince Kuhio - http://www.mvprince.com/ Daily Maui snorkeling and whalewatching tours. Island Star Sailing - http://www.islandstarsailing.com/ Private sailing charters aboard our luxurious sailboat. Cruise Hawaii's waters for sunset cruises, honeymooners. Personal crew and catering. Aqua Adventures - http://www.mauisnorkelsnuba.com/ Offers Maui snuba and Maui snorkeling trips to Molokini crater and Turtle Town. Hawaii Ocean Rafting - http://www.hawaiioceanrafting.com/ Snorkeling tours to Lanai with speedy rafts to get you there fast, with more time in the water. South Pacific Kayaks - http://www.southpacifickayaks.com/index.html Kayak, diving and hiking tours off the coast of Kihei and Wailea, Maui. Pride of Maui - http://www.prideofmaui.com/ Day trips to Molokini and Turtle Town for snorkeling, snuba, and scuba: pictures, rates, and boat information. Maui Eco Tours - http://www.mauiecotours.com/ Comprehensive ecological ocean and hiking tours of the Valley Isle. Gemini Charters - http://www.geminicharters.com/ Specializing in sailing and snorkeling adventures. Friendly Charters - http://www.mauisnorkeling.com/ Maui snorkeling aboard the "Lani Kai". Scotch Mist II - http://www.scotchmistsailingcharters.com/snorkel.htm Friendly & experienced crew. We will make your snorkeling charter aboard the Scotch Mist II a lasting memory of your vacation on Maui. Seafire Snorkeling Adventures - http://molokinisnorkeling.com/ Snorkel off the shore of Molokini. Maui Marine Images - http://www.mauimarineimages.com/ Providing daily videos of the Four Winds II snorkel trips. Snorkel Maui - http://www.adigitaldreamer.com/snorkel/ Includes a snorkeling FAQ, fish ID charts, list of cruise providers, maps, and a reef fish quiz. 10 Top Discount Snorkel Tours of Hawaii - http://www.snorkel-hawaii.com A sampling of many of the best boats and snorkel tours you'll find on Maui, Kauai, Oahu and the Big Island of Hawaii. Discounted pricing. Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site - Open Directory Project - Become an Editor Modified by Google - ©2005 Google Advertise with Us - Jobs, Press, Cool Stuff... Hawaii TravelState of Hawaii Travel Guide, Honolulu City Attractions & Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Vacation Packages - SeeAmerica.org United Kingdom | Espanol | Portugues | Deutsch | Japanese About SeeAmerica.org Site Map Contact Events & Festivals Cities & Regions Activities & Attractions Hotels & Accommodations Shopping Restaurants & Dining Fast Facts Weather Transportation Local Media Travel Articles Multimedia Gallery Did You Know? Send an e-postcard Maps, Guides & More Official Hawaii Website Request Official Visitor's Guide Home > Hawaii Print Page Email this Page Add to Favorites Hawaii at a Glance Capital: Honolulu Nickname: Aloha State Bird: Nene Tree: Kukui - Cadlenut Largest City: Honolulu Official State Website http://www.gohawaii.com/ Request Official Visitor's Guide Official Contact Information Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau 1001 Bishop Street, Pauahi Tower, Suite 950 Honolulu, HI 96813 808-531-0244 Be reminded of upcoming events, learn about special travel deals and be notified of special offers and sweepstake promotions. Sign Up Today! Great Trip Ideas A Week In Hawaii by Tauck World Discovery Hawaiian Islands 12-Day Best of Hawaii by Tauck World Discovery Surfing Hawaii - Take a special surf trip to Hawaii Hawaii Adventure Cruise with San Francisco - Titan HiTours Show Me More... Hiking through Hawaii's lush rainforests... Lounging on a secluded beach... Cruising down a volcano on a mountain bike at top speed... These are just a few of the myriad of activities you can do while in Hawaii - The Islands of Aloha. From catching a sunset sail on a balmy, tropical evening to hitting the ski slopes at Mauna Kea crater, Hawaii offers activities to please each individual. You can snorkel, hike, explore and catch an afternoon luau all in one day. The choice is yours. Upcoming Events Show Me More... Travel Industry Services & Login | Link to Us | Suggest Content | About SeeAmerica.org | Site Map Contact Us | Home | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use | Advertise With Us © 2005 SeeAmerica.org and the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) All Rights Reserved. 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