Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely

Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov

Hawaiian Quilt Bailey House

Four Poster Bed with Hawaiian Quilt in the Bailey House Museum, Wailuku, Maui - Maui Hawaii Photo Gallery  You are here: About > Travel > Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors Travel Go Hawaii Essentials Which Hawaiian Island Suits You Best? Clickable Map of the Hawaiian Islands Beach Guide Hawaii Pictures Clickable Map of Maui, Hawaii Topics A Hawaii Vacation Planner Big Island of Hawaii Kauai Maui / Molokai / Lanai Oahu / Honolulu / Waikiki South Pacific Culture, History & Language Hawaii Lodging Hula Luau Maps and Weather Pearl Harbor Photos, Video & Cams Recipes Shopping and Gifts Buyer's Guide Tastes of Paradise from Hilo Hattie HilHilo Hattie Dresses and Sarongs Multi-Day Guided Tours Top Hawaii Guidebooks Top Maui / Molokai / Lanai Guidebooks Forums Help FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses   Search Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors Four Poster Bed with Hawaiian Quilt Bailey House Museum Wailuku, Maui return to Mauiphoto index returnto photo collection index return to Hawaii for VisitorsHome Page From John Fischer , Your Guide to Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors . FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! Advertisement Most Popular Nudist Beaches in Hawaii Hawaii Photos Hawaii Pictures Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Our collection of photos of peopl... Hawaiian Island Scorecard What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999 Related Topics Air Travel Cruises Honeymoons / Romantic Getaways Surfing / Bodyboarding Travel with Kids   Topic Index | Email to a Friend Our Story | Be a Guide | Advertising Info | Work at About | Site Map | Icons | Help User Agreement | Ethics Policy | Patent Info. | Privacy Policy | Kids' Privacy Policy ©2006 About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company . All rights reserved. Around About Tips to Losing Weight Guide to Distance Learning How to Travel for Less PHOTOS: Italy PHOTOS: Hybrid Cars What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999 Headlines 2006 Special Packages on Kauai For travelers considering a visit to the Garden Isle of... Plumeria Photos from Hawaii Plumeria is the most common flower that you'll find in... You Won't See This Sign at Home! This certainly isn't a sign that you've ever seen near... Atlantis Submarine Tour Maui Since I had just experienced the Atlantis Submarine Tour on...

Maui Windsurfing

Alan Cadiz's HST windsurfing lessons, Maui Hawaii. 1-800-968-5423 Check out our instructional DVDs! Learning to Windsurf trailer HST is Maui’soldest and largest windsurfing school. HST’s quality instruction is taughtby skilled sailors who communicate the latest teaching methods to you.Alan Cadiz, an accomplished World Cup Pro, founded Maui’s premier windsurfingschool in 1985, filling the need for performance lessons on the ValleyIsle. Using his knowledge and expertise, Alan continues to bring windsurfing instructionto a higher level. Alan and his staff set high standards of quality thatother schools have yet to match. Whether you’re learning to waterstart,use your footstraps, or sail your board upwind, the instructor stays rightthere with you in the water. This provides you with greater confidence,comfort, immediate feedback for faster learning, and it ensures a safe,quality windsurfing experience. HST's full-time administrator tailors lessons to fit yourability, budget, schedule, and goals (seereservation request). Our office is located in the HI-Tech shop, justfive minutes from Kanaha Beach Park and the airport. (Map) Kanaha Beach Park is a beautiful spot for windsurfing and picnicking. It is a half mile stretch of sand, broken only by two smalljetties defining the protected swim area. A full-time team of life guardswatches over the swim area. This 60 acre park has showers, bathrooms, and over200 parking stalls. The sailing at Kanaha is world-class. Light wind is typical forthe morning hours (which is why we schedule our entry level class at 9:00AM), and by noon the wind is strong enough for shortboard sailing! Let'sgo! We offer several levels of instruction: Kids Camps and Lessons (ages 6 to 16) Level 1- Introduction to Windsurfing Level 2- Longboard Sailing Level 3- Waterstart Level 4- Shortboard Sailing Level 5- Jibing Level 6- Freestyle and Wave Sailing Kitesurfing Other Servicesand Information TeachingTools InstructorBiographies OtherServices Rates and Reservations Instructional DVDs Links Beginner & Longboard Sailing Lessons Advanced & Shortboard Sailing Lessons Kitesurfing Instructors OtherServices & Information Rates& Reservations Email HST "Learning to Windsurf" DVD & "Jibing" DVD Links Hawaiian Sailboarding Techniques, Inc. 1-800-YOU-JIBE from within the United States, or 1-808-871-5423 Mailing address: P.O. Box 791199 Paia, HI 96779-1199 Office location: 425 Koloa Street (within Hi-Tech Surf Sports), Kahului,HI 96732 web site comments to: patti@hstwindsurfing.com

Hawaiian Quilting Hawaiian Quilting

Quilt History Directory - Native American Quilting Links America's Quilting History The Enthusiast's Directory to Quilt History Sites check this box to open the links in a new window Native American Quilting Diane's Native American Quilts enjoy viewing beautiful Morning Star Quilts The Grandest Quilted Star of All includes Native American Star quilts To Honor & Comfort - Native Quilting Traditions click through to see quilts from this exhibition Native American Quilts: Their History & Diversity article on the over all history QuiltEthnic.com - Native American (Quilts and textiles) a good starting place in exploring this topic on the net Hopi Quilts brief summery with link to buying the video Native American Quilts infomations on Hopi quilts, Navajo quilts, Sioux quilts & Seminole quilts Seminole Patchwork the history of this method of making clothing Surviving the Winter the evolution of quiltmaking in New Mexico Hawaiian Quilting Hawaiian Quilting History including Kapa Moe, Flag Quilts & appliqu Hawaiian Quilting Helen Friend, contemporary Hawaiian quilt artist History of Hawaiian Quilting a brief history beginning with royalty A Little Quilt History...The Hawaiian Way the unique history of Hawaiian Quilting "The Queen's Quilt" made by Queen Lili'uokalani during her imprisonment [ Quilting History Articles | History Facts vs Myths | Multicultural Quilting | Quilt History Bookstore ] [ Quilting History Directory | Quilting Book Reviews | Students & Teachers | Quilt Patterns | Site Map ] return to America's Quilting History or Womenfolk - Creativity and Inspiration for Women quilt history resources General History Early American Mid 19 Century Civil War to Centennial Turn of the Century the 20's & 30's Museum Quilts African-American TLC for Quilts Quilt Study Resources Dating Antique Quilts Related Books To Honor and Comfort: Native Quilting Traditions The Complete Book of Seminole Patchwork Hawaiian Quilt Masterpieces from Amazon.com

HAWAII HOTELS ALL INCLUSIVE

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