Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely

Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov

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Check out these Banff Hotels HAWAII On the pacific ocean, Hawaii is one of those see it to believe it destionations. From the second you step off the plane the deep culture of Hawaii is all around you. Tourism is the main business of the Hawaiian Islands and so great time and money is invested in suppling each and every visitor with an experience that will soon not be forgotten. The beautiful landscapes seem too perfect for nature as though they were carved by hawaiian gods. Stay at any of Hawaii's choice hotels for your next vacation and relax knowing your in one the most beautiful places on earth. Check out these Hawaii Hotels CANCUN Mexico Why is Mexico always talked about? Why does it seem someone you know goes there every year around christmas? Well for starters Mexico is beautiful , and everyone knows it! Cancun is the pinnical of a mexican vacation . surrounded by a culture and history Cancun is home to some of the most hottest spots on the planet . Hotels in Cancun are buzzing with excitement and wonder, any mexican accommodation is sure to impress but to find that perfect stay will require lots of research, search for a list of hotels in Cancun MX , be on the watch for off season discounts on all mexico or cancun hotels. Check out these Cancun Hotels . Search Hotels Enter Your Dates Check In: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 05 06 07 Check Out: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Rooms: 1 2 3 4 Advanced Search Book Online or Call Toll Free: 1-888-254-0637 (US and Canada) 00800 8446 937 0 (International) USE PROMO CODE: 14792 for customer satisfaction Ultimate Golf Vacation It's just like the hamburger commercial; Have it your own way! Your annual golf outing deserves to be the best possible vacation. Make it your own way. 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Hawaiian Recipes Hawaiian Recipe

Lava Flow Recipe - Hawaiian Tropical Drink Recipe  You are here: About > Travel > Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors > Recipes > Cocktails / Tropical Drinks > Lava Flow Recipe - Hawaiian Tropical Drink Recipe Travel Go Hawaii Essentials Which Hawaiian Island Suits You Best? Clickable Map of the Hawaiian Islands Beach Guide Hawaii Pictures Clickable Map of Maui, Hawaii Topics A Hawaii Vacation Planner Big Island of Hawaii Kauai Maui / Molokai / Lanai Oahu / Honolulu / Waikiki South Pacific Culture, History & Language Hawaii Lodging Hula Luau Maps and Weather Pearl Harbor Photos, Video & Cams Recipes Shopping and Gifts Buyer's Guide Tastes of Paradise from Hilo Hattie HilHilo Hattie Dresses and Sarongs Multi-Day Guided Tours Top Hawaii Guidebooks Top Maui / Molokai / Lanai Guidebooks Forums Help FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses   Search Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors Stay up to date! At a Glance Prep Time : 05min Cook Time : 05min Course : Beverage, Cocktail Special : Easy, Quick Type of Prep : Blend / Process, Chill Cuisine : Hawaiian, U.S. Regional Occasion : Party Email to a friend Print this page More Tropical Drinks Original Mai Tai Recipe Blue Hawaii Cocktail Piña Colada Additional Hawaiian Recipes Hawaiian Recipe Index Recent Discussions My Favorite Restaurants are.... Hawaii Celebrities in the News Restaurants Most Popular Nudist Beaches in Hawaii Hawaii Photos Hawaii Pictures Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Our collection of photos of peopl... Hawaiian Island Scorecard What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999 Related Topics Air Travel Cruises Honeymoons / Romantic Getaways Surfing / Bodyboarding Travel with Kids Lava Flow Recipe - Hawaiian Tropical Drink Recipe From John Fischer , Your Guide to Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors . FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! There are numerous variations for making a Lava Flow. This biggest difference is that some recipes use 1 oz. of light rum and 1 oz. of Malibu® coconut rum. When Malibu® coconut rum is unavilable you can use 1 1/2 oz. of light rum and 1/2 oz. of coconut cream. INGREDIENTS: 1 oz. light rum 1 oz. Malibu® coconut rum 2 oz. fresh or frozen strawberries 1 small banana 2 oz. unsweetened pineapple juice 2 oz. coconut cream PREPARATION: Blend the 2 rums and the strawberries in a blender to form a smooth paste. Pour this mixture into a tall (Collins or Hurricane) glass. Rinse the blender. Blend the banana, the coconut cream, and the pineapple juice in blender with crushed ice until smooth. Pour this mixture into the glass with the rums very slowly and watch as the strawberry mixture oozes its way to the top along the sides of the glass creating the flowing lava effect. Garnish with a pineapple wedge and paper umbrella. If Malibu® Coconut Rum is Unavailable INGREDIENTS 1 1/2 oz. light rum 2 1/2 oz. coconut cream 2 oz. fresh strawberries 1 small banana 2 oz. unsweetened pineapple juice PREPARATION Blend the rum, 1/2 oz. of coconut cream and the strawberries in a blender to form a smooth paste. Pour this mixture into a tall (Collins or Hurricane) glass. Rinse the blender. Blend the banana, the rest of the coconut cream, and the pineapple juice in blender with crushed ice until smooth. Pour this mixture into the glass with the rums very slowly and watch as the strawberry mixture oozes its way to the top along the sides of the glass creating the flowing lava effect. Garnish with a pineapple wedge and paper umbrella.   Topic Index | Email to a Friend Our Story | Be a Guide | Advertising Info | Work at About | Site Map | Icons | Help User Agreement | Ethics Policy | Patent Info. | Privacy Policy | Kids' Privacy Policy ©2006 About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company . All rights reserved. Around About Tips to Losing Weight Guide to Distance Learning How to Travel for Less PHOTOS: Italy PHOTOS: Hybrid Cars What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999

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