Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely
Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov WAIKIKI BEACH TOWER ASTONASTON WAIKIKI BEACH TOWER - HONOLULU - HONOLULU Hotel Reservations Search Hotels: Hotels | My Account UNITED STATES : HAWAII : HONOLULU : ASTON WAIKIKI BEACH TOWER ASTON WAIKIKI BEACH TOWER 2470 KALAKAUA AVENUE HONOLULU, HI 96815 United States Display Map Property Type: Condominiums Guest Rooms: 140 Additional Photos From the metro city center, this property is located: Direction: Southeast Distance: 0 - 15 minutes Area Airport: Honolulu International Features and Amenities 24 Hour Front Desk Free Local Calls Free Parking Non-smoking Rooms Outdoor Pool Meeting Facilities Laundry/Valet Service Safe Deposit Box Tour Desk/Concierge Full Kitchens Available AM/FM Clock/Radio in Rooms Coffee Maker in Rooms Hair Dryer In Rooms Microwave Oven In Rooms Refrigerator in Rooms Cable Television Hot Tub on site Other Features: Overlooks Waikiki Beach, Washer & Dryer in Rooms Area Attractions Waikiki Beach - adjacent Convention Center - nearby Paddle Tennis - on site International Marketplace - nearby Beach - 1 block Nearby Restaurants Many Restaurants - nearby Meeting Facilities Number of Meeting Rooms: 2 Total Capacity of Meeting Rooms: 40 Room Rates Range (Actual Rate Provided upon Reservation Confirmation) Standard Room Rate Range: USD 411.99 to 1,350.00 Nightly Convert Currency Discounts Available: AAA, AARP Credit Cards Check-in Time: 3:00 PM Check-out Time: 12:00 PM Guarantee Required Cancellation Policy (Local Time): 72 Hours Prior to Arrival Cancel Current Reservation | About The Reservation Function -- Thank you for using cityinsider.com for your worldwide hotels search. If needed, please use our partner websites. Las Vegas Hotels Estate Homes Nevada Real Estate 2003-2004 © cityinsider.com All rights reserved. Hawaiian Gift Baskets .Bath, Body & More! Hawaiian Gift Basket Bath, Body & More Gift Basket The Bath, Body & More! gift basket offers a compliment of premium handmade soaps, bath salts, tropical bath crystals, body lotion, Hawaiian candles and personal care items. More Hawaiian Gift Baskets . Express Shipping via USPS Express Mail available for this gift item. Bath, Body & More! Gift Basket The Bath, Body & More! Gift Basket includes: Kauai Rose Handmade Soap 3.25oz Lavender Handmade Soap 3.25oz Passion Fruit Pure Coconut Soap 2oz Coconut-Rose Premium Hawaiian Bath Salt Tube 4.5oz Tropical Scented Lotion 4oz Tropical Scented Bath Crystals 6Pack Gift Set Nylon Lather Builder Pack (25) Assorted Mini Floating Plumeria Candles Keepsake Hawaiian Woven Lauhala Basket Gift Card Free USPS Priority Mail shipping within the US. Qty. Bath, Body & More! Gift Basket w/Free Shipping $54.95 Availability - this gift basket ships within 2 business days. Qty. Bath, Body & More! Gift Basket w/USPS Express Shipping $76.15 Availability - this gift basket ships next business day. Please note: Each keepsake basket is individually hand decorated here in Hawaii. The Hawaiian fabric colors and basket ornamentation may vary from those pictured above. It may be necessary to substitute an out of stock item with a similar item of equal or greater value on occasion. All of our Hawaiian gift baskets are individually created here in our shop and not mass produced or drop shipped from a gift basket vendor. Free shipping is via USPS Priority Mail with Delivery Confirmation within the US only. Please allow additional time for delivery during the busy holiday season. Fresh floral accents not included. 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Hawaii Tourism Authority WhatDiscover Kauai - Official Tourism Site of the County of Kauai Home Mayor's Page FAQ Email Sitemap Kauai Visitors Bureau Information Hotline: 1-800-262-1400 Vacation Directory Activities & Recreation Sites & Attractions Parks & Beaches Local Culture Island Events Home Explore by region: Other Kauai Websites: Kauai Beach Safety Guide www.kauaiexplorer.com FREE Kauai Vacation Planner www.kauaivisitorsbureau.com Kauai Calendar of Events 2005 www.kauaifestivals.com Kauai Government Information www.kauaigov.org basks amidst the sparkling blue waters of the Pacific Ocean, about 20 minutes by air from Honolulu. Formed some six million years ago, the island encompasses roughly 550 square miles and is the oldest and northernmost of the main Hawaiian Islands. To visit Kauai is to quickly lose yourself in the quiet majesty of the island's lush tropical setting and extraordinary natural heritage. 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