Hawaii Volcanoes Photo Gallery

Hawaii Volcano Photo Gallery Pu`u `O`o - Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea fumes billowing from two prominent collapse pits You are here: About > Travel > Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors Travel Go Hawaii Essentials Which Hawaiian Island Suits You Best? Clickable Map of the Hawaiian Islands Beach Guide Hawaii Pictures Clickable Map of Maui, Hawaii Topics A Hawaii Vacation Planner Big Island of Hawaii Kauai Maui / Molokai / Lanai Oahu / Honolulu / Waikiki South Pacific Culture, History & Language Hawaii Lodging Hula Luau Maps and Weather Pearl Harbor Photos, Video & Cams Recipes Shopping and Gifts Buyer's Guide Tastes of Paradise from Hilo Hattie HilHilo Hattie Dresses and Sarongs Multi-Day Guided Tours Top Hawaii Guidebooks Top Maui / Molokai / Lanai Guidebooks Forums Help FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors Hawaii Volcanoes Photo Gallery Pu`u `O`o -Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea Volcano - January 5, 1995 Photograph by C. Heliker, USGS photo and caption credit U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Fume billowsfrom two prominent collapse pits on the west flank of Pu`u `O`o. The upper pit,the "Great Pit," eventually engulfed the entire slope of the cone; thelower pit overlies the episode 51 vents. The pit at the bottom of the photographis the inactive lava pond into which lava poured from the episode 51 and 52vents. priorphoto next photo Return to Hawaii Volcanoes Photo Gallery Index Return to Hawaii Photo Gallery Index Return to Hawaii for Visitors Home Page Recent Discussions My Favorite Restaurants are.... Hawaii Celebrities in the News Restaurants Subscribe to the Newsletter Name Email From John Fischer , Your Guide to Hawaii / South Pacific for Visitors . FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! Advertisement Most Popular Nudist Beaches in Hawaii Hawaii Photos Hawaii Pictures Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Our collection of photos of peopl... Hawaiian Island Scorecard What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999 Related Topics Air Travel Cruises Honeymoons / Romantic Getaways Surfing / Bodyboarding Travel with Kids Topic Index | Email to a Friend Our Story | Be a Guide | Advertising Info | Work at About | Site Map | Icons | Help User Agreement | Ethics Policy | Patent Info. | Privacy Policy | Kids' Privacy Policy ©2006 About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company . All rights reserved. Around About Tips to Losing Weight Guide to Distance Learning How to Travel for Less PHOTOS: Italy PHOTOS: Hybrid Cars What's Hot Top Picks in Hawaiian Coffee Kamehameha the Great Kalua Pig Waikiki Beach, Oahu - Life's a Beach in Hawaii - Hawaii Beac... Best Beaches 1999 Headlines Plumeria Photos from Hawaii Plumeria is the most common flower that you'll find in... You Won't See This Sign at Home! This certainly isn't a sign that you've ever seen near... Atlantis Submarine Tour Maui Since I had just experienced the Atlantis Submarine Tour on... Maui Swap Meet Photos Held every Saturday from 7:00 a.m. to noon is the...

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Hawaiian Islands are volcanic

The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands [ HCV Home ][Formation of the Islands][ Active Hawaiian Volcanoes ][ General Info ] The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic in origin. Each island ismade up of at least one primary volcano, although many islandsare composites of more than one. The Big Island, for instance,is constructed of 5 major volcanoes: Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea,Hualalai and Kohala. Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano onEarth. Kilauea is presently one of the most productive volcanoeson Earth (in terms of how much lava it erupts each year). The primary volcanoes on eachof the islands are known as a shield volcanoes, which are gently sloping mountains produced from a large number of generally very fluid lava flows. Hawaiian volcanoes primarily erupt a type of rock known as basalt. When molten, basalt produces liquids of relatively high fluidity, compared to volcanoesthat erupt more silica rich magma types such as andesite, dacite or rhyolite. The fluidity of molten basalt favors the formation of lava flows,which is why the Hawaiian volcanoes generally have gentle sloping sides. Bycontrast, lavas with higher silica content are more viscous and commonly produce either thicker, shorter lava flows, thick blocky deposits and/orthick beds of ash that fall from the sky following explosive eruptions.These other types of volcanoes (common outside of Hawaii) are typically steepersided. The Hawaiian volcanoes were produced by the Hawaiian hot spot, which is presently under the Big Island of Hawaii.The image below shows the islands of the Hawaiian chainand the intervening shallows, banks and reefs along a line from southeastto northwest. Note that the islands of Lanai and Kahoolawe are not shownbecause they would "overlap" with Molokai and Maui, respectively( see the map of the Islands on the Hawaiian Volcanoes page )In general, when you move along the island chain from southeast (Hawaii) to northwest, (Kure), the volcanoes become older and older. The aging of the islands with distance from the current hot spotis demonstrated in the diagram below, where distance along thechain is approximated as distance away from Kilauea volcano (theyoungest above-sea-level Hawaiian volcano). In fact, even beyond Kurethe Hawaiian chain continues as a series of now-submergedformer islands known collectively as the Emperorseamounts. The two primary volcanoes that make up Oahu (where Honolulu is) have not erupted for well over a million years! The age trend of the volcanoes is thought to be due tothe way in which the islands are built on the moving sea floor of the NorthPacific Ocean: the Pacific Ocean is mostly floored by a single tectonic plate(known as the "Pacific Plate")that is moving over the layer in the Earth known as the Asthenosphere.This movement takes it to the northwest compared to the layers below itat a rate of 5 to 10 cm/yr (the rate depends on where you are on it). As theplate moves over a fixed spot deeper in the Earth where magma (moltenlava) forms, a new volcano can punch through this plate and createan island. The Hawaiian Islands are believed to be formed from onesuch 'hot spot'. As the plate moves away, the volcano stops eruptingand a new one is formed in its place. With time, the volcanoes keepdrifting westward and getting older relative to the one active volcanothat is over the hot spot. As they age, the crust upon which they sitcools and subsides. This, combined with erosion of the islands onceactive volcanism stops, leads to a shrinking of the islands with ageand their eventual submergence below the ocean surface. Importantly, the time over which various active volcanoes on the islandsremain active is long (hunders of thousands of years) so that significantoverlap in ages occur on neighboring islands. For instance although Haleakala volcano on Mauiis a great distance away from the presently erupting Kilauea, Haleakalalast erupted only about 200 years ago. Currently there are 3 Hawai'ian volcanoes that we can easily classify as active: Kilauea, actively erupting since 1983 Mauna Loa, which last erupted in 1984 and is building for a new eruption inthe next few years Loihi, which erupted in 1996 All three of these active Hawaiian volcanoes sharethe Hawaiian hot spot, but retain unique volcanic histories and compositions.You can view a schematic representationof the geometry of this situation HERE The most likely Dormant volcanoes are: Hualalai, which last erupted in 1801 Haleakala, which last erupted in about 1790 Mauna Kea, which last erupted about 4,000 years ago. Here is some additional general age information from USGS Professional Paper 1350 , Chapter 1 by Clague and Dalrymple, pages 5-54 (1987). Data from that source has been augmented by data and information in Garcia et al. Lithos , vol 20, pages 323-336 (1987) and Clague (1996) in The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island biotas, New Guniea to Eastern Polynesia, patterns and processes (Keast and Miller, editors), pages 35-50. Ages of some of the Hawaiian Islands and outer seamounts Volcano Number (see note at table bottom) Volcano Name Distance from Kilauea along trend of chain (km) Best K-Ar age (Ma) Data Source (tabulated below) 1 Kilauea 0 0-0.4 -- 3 Mauna Kea 54 0.375 + 0.05 1 5 Kohala 100 0.43 + 0.02 2 6 Haleakala 182 0.75 + 0.04 3 7 Kahoolawe 185 > 1.03 + 0.18 3 8 West Maui 221 1.32 + 0.04 4 9 Lanai 226 1.28 + 0.04 5 10 East Molokai 256 1.76 + 0.04 3 11 West Molokai 280 1.90 + 0.06 3 12 Koolau 339 2.6 + 0.1 4,6 13 Waianae 374 3.7 + 0.1 6 14 Kauai 519 5.1 + 0.20 7 15 Niihau 565 4.89 + 0.11 8 15A Kaula 600 4.0 + 0.2 21 17 Nihoa 780 7.2 + 0.3 9 20 Unnamed 913 9.2 + 0.8 20 930 9.6 + 0.8 22 23 Necker 1,058 10.3 + 0.4 9 26 La Perouse Pinnacles 1,209 12.0 + 0.4 9 27 Brooks Bank 1,256 13.0 + 0.6 20 1,330 13.0 + 0.6 22 30 Gardner Pinnacles 1,435 12.3 + 1.0 20 1,460 12.3 + 1.0 22 36 Laysan 1,818 19.9 + 0.3 10 37 Northampton Bank 1,841 26.6 + 2.7 10 50 Pearl and Hermes Reef 2,281 20.6 + 2.7 11 52 Midway 2,432 27.7 + 0.6 12 57 Unnamed 2,600 28.0 + 0.4 11 63 Unnamed 2,825 27.4 + 0.5 11 65 Colohan 3,128 38.6 + 0.3 13 65A Abbott 3,280 38.7 + 0.9 13 67 Daikakuji 3,493 42.4 + 2.3 14 69 Yuryaku 3,520 43.4 + 1.6 11 72 Kimmei 3,668 39.9 + 1.2 14 74 Koko (southern) 3,758 48.1 + 0.8 14,15 81 Ojin 4,102 55.2 + 0.7 16 83 Jingu 4,175 55.4 + 0.9 17 86 Nintoku 4,452 56.2 + 0.6 16 90 Suiko (southern) 4,794 59.6 + 0.6 18,19 91 Suiko (central) 4,860 64.7 + 1.1 16 Data Sources: 1. Porter and others (1977) 12. Dalrymple and others (1977) 2. McDougall and Swanson (1972) 13. Duncan and Clague (1984) 3. Naughton and others (1980) 14. Dalrymple and Clague (1976) 4. Mcdougall (1964) 15. Clague and Dalrymple (1973) 5. Bonhommet and others (1977) 16. Dalrymple and others (1980a) 6. Doel and Dalrymple (1973) 17. Dalrymple and Garcia (1980) 7. McDougall (1979) 18. Saito and Ozima (1975) 8. G.B. Dalrymple (unpub. Data, 1982) 19. Saito and Ozima (1977) 9. Dalrymple and others (1974) 20. Garcia and others (1986b) 10. Dalrymple and others (1981) 21.Garcia and others (1986a) 11. Clague and others (1975) 22. Garcia and Others (1987) Other Notes: "Volcano Number" refers to the number in sequence along the HawaiianChain. Loihi, the youngest expression of the Hawaiian hot spot isnumber 0, Kilauea is number 1, etc.. Note that not all volcanoesare listed in the table (e.g., number 2 = Mauna Loa and number 4 =Hualalai); also note that further up the chain, the numbering schemebecomes more subjective. HCV Home Hawaiian Volcanoes Loihi Kilauea Mauna Loa Hualalai This page created and maintained by Ken Rubin ©, krubin@soest.hawaii.edu Other credits for this web site. Last page update on 4 Apr 2005

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