Hawaii Resort Employees of
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Click here to vote RSS | Reprints | E-mail Alerts | Printable Version | Email Story March 26, 2003 Contract settlement eludes Local 5, Imperial Hawaii Resort Employees of the Imperial Hawaii Resort in Waikiki demonstrated outside the property Tuesday afternoon, calling on the management of the property to settle a contract. Recent Company News » Employees of the Imperial Hawaii Resort Latest News » Ethanol deadline reaffirmed » Starbucks acquires Coffee Partners » HTA's Johnson wins marketing honor » CPB targets Kailua, Pearl City » Marriott to get new Hawaii chief More » Companies in the News » People in the News » Get the latest business news on the go! Brought to you by Cingular Local 5 of the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees, which represents 60 people at the Imperial Hawaii, says the general manager canceled the current contract over the weekend. More than 200 people attended the protest, the union said Wednesday morning. "Particularly in these times of economic uncertainty," union spokesman Jason Ward said, "Imperial workers should be treated with the dignity and respect they deserve." The Imperial, on the Halekulani side of Lewers St., is one of the state's oldest timeshare conversion properties. Extra Best small biz markets We rate the largest metros for healthiest climate for entrepreneurs. » Find out more » 10 best metros for Small Business | » Rankings for 50 largest markets | » Startup Successes © 2003 American City Business Journals Inc. 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Things to Do Cruises Tours Packages Resorts The World North America United States Hawaii Cruises Cruises Hawaii Cruise Packages Register | Profile I want more information Email page to a friend Call Cruisegal toll free at 1-888-255-3148. There are many Hawaii Cruise Packages to choose from. Cruisegal will help you choose the one that fits your needs. Search Cruises Cruise Line Any Above and Beyond American Rivers American Safari Cruises Atlantis Events Carnival Cruise Line Celebrity Cruises Christian Travel Finder Clear Channel Entertainment, SFX Touring Inc. Costa Cruises Cruceros Australis Cruise West Crystal Cruises Cunard Line Discovery World Cruises Disney Cruise Line Gayribbean Cruises GNL Cruises Gto Travel Holland America Line Imperial River Cruises In The Wild Adventures Maharaja Cruise MSC Cruises Norwegian Cruise Line Oceania Cruises, Inc. Olivia Cruises and Resorts Orient Lines Out On The Water Pied Piper Travel Princess Cruise Line R Family Vacations Radisson Seven Seas Cruises RiverBarge Excursions Romeo-n-romeo Royal Caribbean RSVP Vacations Seabourn Cruise Line SeaDream Yacht Club Silversea Cruises Swan Hellenic Lines University at Sea Uniworld Viking River Cruises Windstar Cruises World Explorer Cruises Ship Name Destination Any Africa Alaska Asia/Far East Bahamas Bermuda Canada/New England Caribbean Europe Hawaii Holy Land/Middle East Mexico Pacific Northwest Panama Canal Scandinavia/Russia South America South Pacific/Australia Transoceanic United States World Antarctic Duration Any 1-5 days 6-9 days 10-15 days 16+ days Date Any January 2006 February 2006 March 2006 April 2006 May 2006 June 2006 July 2006 August 2006 September 2006 October 2006 November 2006 December 2006 January 2007 February 2007 March 2007 April 2007 May 2007 June 2007 July 2007 August 2007 September 2007 October 2007 November 2007 December 2007 January 2008 February 2008 March 2008 April 2008 May 2008 June 2008 Max Price $ Departs From Any Baltimore Boston Charleston Ft. Lauderdale Galveston Honolulu Houston Jacksonville Los Angeles Miami Mobile Montreal New Orleans New Jersey New York City Norfolk Philadelphia Port Canaveral San Diego San Francisco San Juan Seattle Seward Tampa Vancouver Promotions Only Sort By Select one Price (Low to High) Price (High to Low) Featured Promotions Cruise Line Cruise Destination Cruise Duration Departure Date Prev Cruises 1-10 of 53 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Next 5 Pages Next 10-Day Hawaii Honolulu round-trip from $799.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Norwegian Wind Destination : Hawaii Departures : Mar 22, Oct 18, Nov 08, Nov 29, Dec 20, Jan 10, Jan 31, Feb 21, Mar 14, Apr 04 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Hilo, Fanning Island, Nawiliwili, Lahaina, Kona Duration : 10 11 Night Eastbound Hawaii Cruise from $1,119.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Serenade of the Seas Destination : Hawaii Departures : Oct 05 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu (Oahu) with stops in Nawiliwili (Kauai), Lahaina (Maui), Hilo, Kailua Kona, Ensenada Duration : 11 11 Night Southbound Hawaii Cruise from $2,359.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Serenade of the Seas Destination : Hawaii Departures : Sep 24 Ports of Call : Starting in Vancouver with stops in Kailua Kona, Hilo, Lahaina (Maui), Honolulu (Oahu) Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaii Honolulu round-trip from $849.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Norwegian Wind Destination : Hawaii Departures : Oct 07, Oct 28, Nov 18, Dec 09, Dec 30, Jan 20, Feb 10, Mar 03, Mar 24, Apr 14 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Hilo, Lahaina, Nawiliwili, Fanning Island, Kona Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaiian Escape, Honolulu to Ensenada from $649.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Norwegian Wind Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 01 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Hilo, Lahaina, Nawiliwili, Ensenada Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaiian Escape, Kahuli to San Francisco from $3,099.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Pride of Aloha Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 22 Ports of Call : Starting in Kahului with stops in Honolulu, Nawiliwili, Hilo, Kona, San Francisco Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaiian Islands, San Francisco to Honolulu from $1,089.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Pride of Aloha Destination : Hawaii Departures : May 17 Ports of Call : Starting in San Francisco with stops in Nawiliwili, Hilo, Kona, Kahului, Honolulu Duration : 11 12 Day Hawaii from Ensenada from $1,299.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Carnival Spirit Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 16 Ports of Call : Starting in Ensenada with stops in Hilo, Maui, Kona, Kauai, Honolulu Duration : 12 12 Day Hawaii from Ensenada from $1,099.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Carnival Spirit Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 15 Ports of Call : Starting in Ensenada with stops in Kauai, Maui, Kona, Hilo, Honolulu Duration : 12 12 Day Hawaii from Honolulu from $1,449.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Carnival Spirit Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 28 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Maui, Hilo, Kona, Kauai, Vancouver Duration : 12 Prev Cruises 1-10 of 53 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Next 5 Pages Next Cruises 14 Night Hawaii Circle Cruise Onboard Summit from $1,900.00 (USD) Hawaii is a land of fascinating contrasts. Cruisegal Specializes in: Carnival Cruise Line Princess Cruise Line Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines Hawaii Cruise Packages European Vacation Packages Hawaii Vacation Packages Tahiti Vacation Packages Mexico Vacation Packages Independent Travel Agent Program The next best thing to knowing something is knowing where to find it . . . find it ALL at CruiseGal! Hawaiian Islands,which are entirelyHotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov Hawaii Cruises Cruises HawaiiCruisegal specializes in Hawaii Cruise Packages. Things to Do Cruises Tours Packages Resorts The World North America United States Hawaii Cruises Cruises Hawaii Cruise Packages Register | Profile I want more information Email page to a friend Call Cruisegal toll free at 1-888-255-3148. There are many Hawaii Cruise Packages to choose from. Cruisegal will help you choose the one that fits your needs. Search Cruises Cruise Line Any Above and Beyond American Rivers American Safari Cruises Atlantis Events Carnival Cruise Line Celebrity Cruises Christian Travel Finder Clear Channel Entertainment, SFX Touring Inc. Costa Cruises Cruceros Australis Cruise West Crystal Cruises Cunard Line Discovery World Cruises Disney Cruise Line Gayribbean Cruises GNL Cruises Gto Travel Holland America Line Imperial River Cruises In The Wild Adventures Maharaja Cruise MSC Cruises Norwegian Cruise Line Oceania Cruises, Inc. Olivia Cruises and Resorts Orient Lines Out On The Water Pied Piper Travel Princess Cruise Line R Family Vacations Radisson Seven Seas Cruises RiverBarge Excursions Romeo-n-romeo Royal Caribbean RSVP Vacations Seabourn Cruise Line SeaDream Yacht Club Silversea Cruises Swan Hellenic Lines University at Sea Uniworld Viking River Cruises Windstar Cruises World Explorer Cruises Ship Name Destination Any Africa Alaska Asia/Far East Bahamas Bermuda Canada/New England Caribbean Europe Hawaii Holy Land/Middle East Mexico Pacific Northwest Panama Canal Scandinavia/Russia South America South Pacific/Australia Transoceanic United States World Antarctic Duration Any 1-5 days 6-9 days 10-15 days 16+ days Date Any January 2006 February 2006 March 2006 April 2006 May 2006 June 2006 July 2006 August 2006 September 2006 October 2006 November 2006 December 2006 January 2007 February 2007 March 2007 April 2007 May 2007 June 2007 July 2007 August 2007 September 2007 October 2007 November 2007 December 2007 January 2008 February 2008 March 2008 April 2008 May 2008 June 2008 Max Price $ Departs From Any Baltimore Boston Charleston Ft. Lauderdale Galveston Honolulu Houston Jacksonville Los Angeles Miami Mobile Montreal New Orleans New Jersey New York City Norfolk Philadelphia Port Canaveral San Diego San Francisco San Juan Seattle Seward Tampa Vancouver Promotions Only Sort By Select one Price (Low to High) Price (High to Low) Featured Promotions Cruise Line Cruise Destination Cruise Duration Departure Date Prev Cruises 1-10 of 53 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Next 5 Pages Next 10-Day Hawaii Honolulu round-trip from $799.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Norwegian Wind Destination : Hawaii Departures : Mar 22, Oct 18, Nov 08, Nov 29, Dec 20, Jan 10, Jan 31, Feb 21, Mar 14, Apr 04 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Hilo, Fanning Island, Nawiliwili, Lahaina, Kona Duration : 10 11 Night Eastbound Hawaii Cruise from $1,119.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Serenade of the Seas Destination : Hawaii Departures : Oct 05 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu (Oahu) with stops in Nawiliwili (Kauai), Lahaina (Maui), Hilo, Kailua Kona, Ensenada Duration : 11 11 Night Southbound Hawaii Cruise from $2,359.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Serenade of the Seas Destination : Hawaii Departures : Sep 24 Ports of Call : Starting in Vancouver with stops in Kailua Kona, Hilo, Lahaina (Maui), Honolulu (Oahu) Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaii Honolulu round-trip from $849.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Norwegian Wind Destination : Hawaii Departures : Oct 07, Oct 28, Nov 18, Dec 09, Dec 30, Jan 20, Feb 10, Mar 03, Mar 24, Apr 14 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Hilo, Lahaina, Nawiliwili, Fanning Island, Kona Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaiian Escape, Honolulu to Ensenada from $649.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Norwegian Wind Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 01 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Hilo, Lahaina, Nawiliwili, Ensenada Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaiian Escape, Kahuli to San Francisco from $3,099.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Pride of Aloha Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 22 Ports of Call : Starting in Kahului with stops in Honolulu, Nawiliwili, Hilo, Kona, San Francisco Duration : 11 11-Day Hawaiian Islands, San Francisco to Honolulu from $1,089.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Pride of Aloha Destination : Hawaii Departures : May 17 Ports of Call : Starting in San Francisco with stops in Nawiliwili, Hilo, Kona, Kahului, Honolulu Duration : 11 12 Day Hawaii from Ensenada from $1,299.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Carnival Spirit Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 16 Ports of Call : Starting in Ensenada with stops in Hilo, Maui, Kona, Kauai, Honolulu Duration : 12 12 Day Hawaii from Ensenada from $1,099.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Carnival Spirit Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 15 Ports of Call : Starting in Ensenada with stops in Kauai, Maui, Kona, Hilo, Honolulu Duration : 12 12 Day Hawaii from Honolulu from $1,449.00 (USD) Select Ship Name : Carnival Spirit Destination : Hawaii Departures : Apr 28 Ports of Call : Starting in Honolulu with stops in Maui, Hilo, Kona, Kauai, Vancouver Duration : 12 Prev Cruises 1-10 of 53 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Next 5 Pages Next Cruises 14 Night Hawaii Circle Cruise Onboard Summit from $1,900.00 (USD) Hawaii is a land of fascinating contrasts. Cruisegal Specializes in: Carnival Cruise Line Princess Cruise Line Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines Hawaii Cruise Packages European Vacation Packages Hawaii Vacation Packages Tahiti Vacation Packages Mexico Vacation Packages Independent Travel Agent Program The next best thing to knowing something is knowing where to find it . . . find it ALL at CruiseGal! Hawaiian Islands,which are entirelyHotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov |
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