Hawaiian Islands are volcanic

The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands [ HCV Home ][Formation of the Islands][ Active Hawaiian Volcanoes ][ General Info ] The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic in origin. Each island ismade up of at least one primary volcano, although many islandsare composites of more than one. The Big Island, for instance,is constructed of 5 major volcanoes: Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea,Hualalai and Kohala. Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano onEarth. Kilauea is presently one of the most productive volcanoeson Earth (in terms of how much lava it erupts each year). The primary volcanoes on eachof the islands are known as a shield volcanoes, which are gently sloping mountains produced from a large number of generally very fluid lava flows. Hawaiian volcanoes primarily erupt a type of rock known as basalt. When molten, basalt produces liquids of relatively high fluidity, compared to volcanoesthat erupt more silica rich magma types such as andesite, dacite or rhyolite. The fluidity of molten basalt favors the formation of lava flows,which is why the Hawaiian volcanoes generally have gentle sloping sides. Bycontrast, lavas with higher silica content are more viscous and commonly produce either thicker, shorter lava flows, thick blocky deposits and/orthick beds of ash that fall from the sky following explosive eruptions.These other types of volcanoes (common outside of Hawaii) are typically steepersided. The Hawaiian volcanoes were produced by the Hawaiian hot spot, which is presently under the Big Island of Hawaii.The image below shows the islands of the Hawaiian chainand the intervening shallows, banks and reefs along a line from southeastto northwest. Note that the islands of Lanai and Kahoolawe are not shownbecause they would "overlap" with Molokai and Maui, respectively( see the map of the Islands on the Hawaiian Volcanoes page )In general, when you move along the island chain from southeast (Hawaii) to northwest, (Kure), the volcanoes become older and older. The aging of the islands with distance from the current hot spotis demonstrated in the diagram below, where distance along thechain is approximated as distance away from Kilauea volcano (theyoungest above-sea-level Hawaiian volcano). In fact, even beyond Kurethe Hawaiian chain continues as a series of now-submergedformer islands known collectively as the Emperorseamounts. The two primary volcanoes that make up Oahu (where Honolulu is) have not erupted for well over a million years! The age trend of the volcanoes is thought to be due tothe way in which the islands are built on the moving sea floor of the NorthPacific Ocean: the Pacific Ocean is mostly floored by a single tectonic plate(known as the "Pacific Plate")that is moving over the layer in the Earth known as the Asthenosphere.This movement takes it to the northwest compared to the layers below itat a rate of 5 to 10 cm/yr (the rate depends on where you are on it). As theplate moves over a fixed spot deeper in the Earth where magma (moltenlava) forms, a new volcano can punch through this plate and createan island. The Hawaiian Islands are believed to be formed from onesuch 'hot spot'. As the plate moves away, the volcano stops eruptingand a new one is formed in its place. With time, the volcanoes keepdrifting westward and getting older relative to the one active volcanothat is over the hot spot. As they age, the crust upon which they sitcools and subsides. This, combined with erosion of the islands onceactive volcanism stops, leads to a shrinking of the islands with ageand their eventual submergence below the ocean surface. Importantly, the time over which various active volcanoes on the islandsremain active is long (hunders of thousands of years) so that significantoverlap in ages occur on neighboring islands. For instance although Haleakala volcano on Mauiis a great distance away from the presently erupting Kilauea, Haleakalalast erupted only about 200 years ago. Currently there are 3 Hawai'ian volcanoes that we can easily classify as active: Kilauea, actively erupting since 1983 Mauna Loa, which last erupted in 1984 and is building for a new eruption inthe next few years Loihi, which erupted in 1996 All three of these active Hawaiian volcanoes sharethe Hawaiian hot spot, but retain unique volcanic histories and compositions.You can view a schematic representationof the geometry of this situation HERE The most likely Dormant volcanoes are: Hualalai, which last erupted in 1801 Haleakala, which last erupted in about 1790 Mauna Kea, which last erupted about 4,000 years ago. Here is some additional general age information from USGS Professional Paper 1350 , Chapter 1 by Clague and Dalrymple, pages 5-54 (1987). Data from that source has been augmented by data and information in Garcia et al. Lithos , vol 20, pages 323-336 (1987) and Clague (1996) in The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island biotas, New Guniea to Eastern Polynesia, patterns and processes (Keast and Miller, editors), pages 35-50. Ages of some of the Hawaiian Islands and outer seamounts Volcano Number (see note at table bottom) Volcano Name Distance from Kilauea along trend of chain (km) Best K-Ar age (Ma) Data Source (tabulated below) 1 Kilauea 0 0-0.4 -- 3 Mauna Kea 54 0.375 + 0.05 1 5 Kohala 100 0.43 + 0.02 2 6 Haleakala 182 0.75 + 0.04 3 7 Kahoolawe 185 > 1.03 + 0.18 3 8 West Maui 221 1.32 + 0.04 4 9 Lanai 226 1.28 + 0.04 5 10 East Molokai 256 1.76 + 0.04 3 11 West Molokai 280 1.90 + 0.06 3 12 Koolau 339 2.6 + 0.1 4,6 13 Waianae 374 3.7 + 0.1 6 14 Kauai 519 5.1 + 0.20 7 15 Niihau 565 4.89 + 0.11 8 15A Kaula 600 4.0 + 0.2 21 17 Nihoa 780 7.2 + 0.3 9 20 Unnamed 913 9.2 + 0.8 20 930 9.6 + 0.8 22 23 Necker 1,058 10.3 + 0.4 9 26 La Perouse Pinnacles 1,209 12.0 + 0.4 9 27 Brooks Bank 1,256 13.0 + 0.6 20 1,330 13.0 + 0.6 22 30 Gardner Pinnacles 1,435 12.3 + 1.0 20 1,460 12.3 + 1.0 22 36 Laysan 1,818 19.9 + 0.3 10 37 Northampton Bank 1,841 26.6 + 2.7 10 50 Pearl and Hermes Reef 2,281 20.6 + 2.7 11 52 Midway 2,432 27.7 + 0.6 12 57 Unnamed 2,600 28.0 + 0.4 11 63 Unnamed 2,825 27.4 + 0.5 11 65 Colohan 3,128 38.6 + 0.3 13 65A Abbott 3,280 38.7 + 0.9 13 67 Daikakuji 3,493 42.4 + 2.3 14 69 Yuryaku 3,520 43.4 + 1.6 11 72 Kimmei 3,668 39.9 + 1.2 14 74 Koko (southern) 3,758 48.1 + 0.8 14,15 81 Ojin 4,102 55.2 + 0.7 16 83 Jingu 4,175 55.4 + 0.9 17 86 Nintoku 4,452 56.2 + 0.6 16 90 Suiko (southern) 4,794 59.6 + 0.6 18,19 91 Suiko (central) 4,860 64.7 + 1.1 16 Data Sources: 1. Porter and others (1977) 12. Dalrymple and others (1977) 2. McDougall and Swanson (1972) 13. Duncan and Clague (1984) 3. Naughton and others (1980) 14. Dalrymple and Clague (1976) 4. Mcdougall (1964) 15. Clague and Dalrymple (1973) 5. Bonhommet and others (1977) 16. Dalrymple and others (1980a) 6. Doel and Dalrymple (1973) 17. Dalrymple and Garcia (1980) 7. McDougall (1979) 18. Saito and Ozima (1975) 8. G.B. Dalrymple (unpub. Data, 1982) 19. Saito and Ozima (1977) 9. Dalrymple and others (1974) 20. Garcia and others (1986b) 10. Dalrymple and others (1981) 21.Garcia and others (1986a) 11. Clague and others (1975) 22. Garcia and Others (1987) Other Notes: "Volcano Number" refers to the number in sequence along the HawaiianChain. Loihi, the youngest expression of the Hawaiian hot spot isnumber 0, Kilauea is number 1, etc.. Note that not all volcanoesare listed in the table (e.g., number 2 = Mauna Loa and number 4 =Hualalai); also note that further up the chain, the numbering schemebecomes more subjective. HCV Home Hawaiian Volcanoes Loihi Kilauea Mauna Loa Hualalai This page created and maintained by Ken Rubin ©, krubin@soest.hawaii.edu Other credits for this web site. Last page update on 4 Apr 2005

Hawaiian Wedding

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Hawaii Cruise

FWSA Login | Register | Email Signup | Sitemap Home Group Travel Meetings / Conferences Incentive Travel Fundraising / FREE Travel Current Groups WAFC 2006 Chef Jet Sierra Club Shambala Signature Safari Kenya CE Cruise Woodbury University UTLA Fundraiser Cruise 2006 Martial Arts Coast to Coast Big Valley FCU Haas/IMTS Travel Our Successes Travel Request Form Contact Us Select State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Travel Tools Travel Alerts Maps Destination Info Airport Codes Flight Tracker Flight Itinerary Passport Info Buy Foreign Currency FWSA Home > Groups > Current Groups > FWSA About FWSA Cruise Rates Itinerary About Hawaii Registration Form Cruising is a fabulous way to see the islands without having to pack and unpack and spend countless hours in airports. For seven glorious nights, youll visit the four major islands. Get together with a group from your club, pack your bathing suit and a pair of shorts (rather than your parka) and soak up the sun. If youre interested in having a representative from Montrose Travel make a presentation locally or provide you with a promotional video, additional flyers, or posters for a club meeting, please contact us at groups@montrosetravel.com or call (800) 301-9673. PS. You may have heard that you can snow ski in Hawaii. Its true, but unfortunately, October isnt ski season. While its unique, its most likely not up to par with a trip to Aspen! Click here to learn more. Home Page | Flights | Cars | Hotels | Cruises | Vacations | Group Travel | Corporate Travel | Honeymoon Travel | Independent Contractors | Luxury Travel | Customer Service | About Montrose Travel Affiliate Programs SARA Enterprises Inc., is not responsible for content on external Web sites. ©2006 Montrose Travel. All rights reserved. CST#1018299-10

Hawaiian Wedding

Honolulu Chapter 21 (3MB

Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, City and County of Honolulu Revised Ordinances of Honolulu Database description Disclaimer Search: RECENTLY ENACTED ORDINANCES Tables of Contents Chapter 1 General Provisions Chapter 2 Executive Agencies..Additional Powers,Duties and Functions Chapter 3 Additional Boards, Commissions andCommittees Chapter 4 Additional Powers and Duties of Counciland Legislative Agencies Chapter 5 Salaries of Elected Officials, Non-CivilService Officers and Employment and Bonding Requirements Chapter 6 Revolving Special Funds, Housing MortgageLoans and Fees Chapter 7 Animals and Fowl Chapter 8 Real Property Tax (Articles 5-9 , 10 , 11-16 ) Chapter 9 Collection and Disposal of Refuse Chapter 10 Rules, Regulations, Charges and Fees forPublic Parks and Recreation Facilities Chapter 10A Botanical Gardens Chapter 11 Child Care Chapter 12 Regulations of Common Carriers and TheirFees Chapter 13 Public Transit Chapter 14 Public Works InfrastructureRequirements Including Fees and Services (Articles 10-19 , 20-Appendix ) Chapter 15 Traffic Code (Articles 10-20 , 21-27 ) Chapter 16 Building Code (Article 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Chapter 17 Electrical Code Chapter 18 Fees and Permits for Building,Electrical, Plumbing and Sidewalk Codes Chapter 19 Plumbing Code Chapter 20 Fire Code of the City and County ofHonolulu Chapter 21 (3MB PDF) Land Use Ordinance, Exhibits and Article 10 (2.68 MB PDF) (Appendix A , B , C , D , E , F-Kakaako Special Design District , G , H , I ; Index ) Chapter 22 Subdivision of Land Chapter 23 Shoreline Setbacks Chapter 24 Development Plans (Ordinance provisions: Central Oahu ; East Honolulu ; Ewa ; Ko'olau Loa ; Ko'olaupoko ; North Shore ; Primary Urban Center ; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ; Waianae ) (Plan documents: Central Oahu ; East Honolulu ; Ewa ; Ko'olau Loa ; Ko'olaupoko ; North Shore ; Primary Urban Center ; Waianae ) Chapter 25 Special Management Area Chapter 26 State Land Use Classification Chapter 27 Housing Code Chapter 28 Lease and Rental of City Real Property,Including Fees Chapter 29 Streets, Sidewalks, Malls and OtherPublic Places Chapter 30 Water Management Chapter 31 Community Economic Development Chapter 32 Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Articles 4-7 , 8-14 ) Chapter 33 Development Agreements Chapter 33A Impact Fees for Traffic and Roadway Improvements in Ewa Chapter 34 Community Facilities Districts Chapter 35 Incentives for Businesses to Create NewJobs Chapter 36 Special Improvement Districts Chapter 37 Real Property Transactions Involving theCity and County of Honolulu ( Chapter 38 Residential Condominium, Cooperative Housing and Residential Planned Development Leasehold Conversion. Repealed by Ordinance 05-001) Chapter 38 (Reserved) Chapter 39 Maximum Annual Renegotiated Lease Rent Chapter 40 Prohibited Activities in the City Chapter 41 Regulated Activities Within theCity (Articles 26-42 ) GENERAL APPENDIX INDEX TABLES Ordinance List and Disposition Table Current Table of Sections Affected Previous Table of Sections Affected + Adobe Acrobat Portable DocumentFormat (PDF) requires the Acrobat Reader file viewer from Adobe Systems,Incorporated.