Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely

Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Bed and Breakfast, Hawaii B & B, Volcano Hawaii: Volcano Rainforest Retreat Home Page Guest Cottage Forest House Sanctuary Bamboo Guest House Gathering Hale Counseling / Reiki Healing Schedule of Events Volcano Area & Activities Hawaiian Links Information / Booking Relax and unwind... in one of four very private and distinctive cottages, the Guest Cottage and Forest House with access to the Jacuzzi hot tub in the Forest Pavilion, the Sanctuary cottage with a private o'furo (soaking tub) in the outdoor bathhouse; the Bamboo Guest House with a private o'furo ( soaking tub); and the Gathering Hale , the Golden's private, personal residence. Heal and deepen your life... with massage , energy healing, counseling , personal growth workshops, and guided spiritual retreats. Discover and explore... local attractions and other Volcano area activities. See also our Hawaiian Links ... As featured in the New York Times. Kahu Malama 'aina Hosts and caretakers Intimate Getaways Peaceful Retreats Wander the magical paths... of this serene retreat, secluded in a lush native rainforest on the Big Island of Hawai`i, adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , 3800 feet above the sea on the slopes of Kilauea, the most active volcano on earth. Volcano Rainforest Retreat is 28 miles (35 minutes) from the Hilo Airport and 103 miles (2 1/2 hours)from the Kona Airport. Need Directions? Map it out here . Kathleen and Peter Golden have created the retreat in this primal and sacred place and invite you to share in their aloha`aina, love of the land. View our guest cottages next the Guest Cottage the Forest House the Sanctuary the Bamboo Guest House the Gathering Place or go directly to our Booking Information. For fastest response to your Reservation Request please use our Information Form See also our Hawaiian Links P.O. Box 957 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 Local/ FAX (808) 985-8696 Toll Free (800) 550-8696 email: volrain@volcanoretreat.com

Hawaiian Wedding Hawaiian music

How to Find Music for a Hawaiian Wedding - eHow.com Clear Instructions on How To Do (just about) Everything Web eHow.com Home Family & Relationships Center Wedding Bells How to Find Music for a Hawaiian Wedding Hawaiian music has a slow, melodic sound all its own. Capture the feel of the islands by using this traditional music to set the tone of your special day. Steps: 1. Explore your options to learn what Hawaiian musicians are available. Check the yellow pages, do a search online, and ask island hotels and banquet halls for recommendations. 2. Consult with a wedding planner, who can make the arrangements for you if time is short. 3. Ask to listen to the musician play before you make any decisions. 4. Request the Hawaiian wedding song, called "Ke Kali Nei Au." This means, "I'm waiting for thee." 5. Ask to have it played on a guitar or a guitar-ukulele duet. 6. Arrange for a hula dancer to perform to the song. 7. Listen to a demo of Hawaiian music to hear how it sounds. 8. Select other Hawaiian songs you would like to include on your wedding day. Some of the options include the "Maile Swing," "Sophisticated Hula" and "Pretty Red Hibiscus." 9. Expect to pay about $150 an hour for a vocalist/guitarist, and $100 an hour for a hula dancer. But remember that prices can vary quite a bit, depending on the performer's level of experience. Tips: Ask a conch shell, or pu, blower to announce the beginning of your ceremony. This signifies that an important event is about to occur. Please Share Your Tips with Us More Resources: Contribute to eHow: Write an eHow Article Suggest a Topic Give Us Feedback on This Article Related eHows: Appreciate Hawaii's Culture Throw a Luau Plan a Hawaiian Wedding Celebrate a Hawaiian Christmas Hire Musicians Things You'll Need: Hawaiian Music Project Details: Skill Advisory: Moderately Easy New! -- Related eHows: Appreciate Hawaii's Culture Throw a Luau Plan a Hawaiian Wedding Celebrate a Hawaiian Christmas Hire Musicians Check out Thousands of How-To Solutions in eHow's Centers Automotive Careers & Education Computers & Home Electronics Family & Relationships Finance & Business Food & Entertaining Health Hobbies & Games Holidays & Traditions Home & Garden Personal Care & Style Pets Sports & Fitness Travel How to: --? Web eHow.com Home | Site Map | About Us | How To Books | Link to eHow Subscribe to the eHow of the Day Mailing List : Have the eHow of the Day appear on your My Yahoo! Page: Add the eHow of the Day to your RSS reader: © 1999-2005 eHow, Inc. How things get done. Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the eHow Terms of Use and Privacy .

Hawaii Honeymoon

Maui Hotels - Kaanapali Beach Hotel - Hawaii Vacation Packages Discover Maui's Hawaiian Hotel Kaanapali Beach Hotel is the ideal vacation experience for travelers worldwide. Come explore why the hotel has been named as one of the world's Best Places to Stay by the readers of Conde Nast Traveler Magazine, and Travel & Leisure Magazine's #1 Best Value Hotel in Hawaii . Online Reservations The Resort, Rooms, and Rates Kupanaha: Maui Magic for All Ages -- Discounted Maui Travel Packages View Our Hotel Video Discounted Air, Room & Car Inclusive Packages NEW! The official website of Kaanapali Beach Hotel features comprehensive information about Maui's Most Hawaiian Hotel and Maui, including award-winning dining , numerous ocean and land activities , Hawaiian activities at the hotel, planning a Maui wedding , our complimentary kids program , guest comments , and much more! Website Spotlight Save on Airfare Save $$ By Booking Air, Room & Car Together. Internet Specials See the Whales on Maui and Save $260! Room Information Take a 360 virtual tour and learn everything about our rooms. Vacation Packages We have a package for every desire. Book a Maui vacation package and save! The Plantation Inn Looking for a Bed & Breakfast? Click here! Best Places to Stay Gold List Conde Nast Traveler Magazine Hawaii's Most Hawaiian Hotel Waiaha Foundation #1 Best Value in Hawaii Travel & Leisure Magazine Home | FAQs | About Us | Contact Us | Travel Agent Resources | Site Map 2525 Kaanapali Parkway • Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii 96761 USA Toll Free U.S. & Canada: +1-800-262-8450 • Worldwide Direct: +1-808-661-0011 Reservations Fax: +1-808-667-5978 • Guest Fax: +1-808-667-5616

Hawaiian Bed Spread

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