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SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION By Arthur W. Chickering and Zelda F. Gamson Reprinted with permission. Apathetic students, illiterate graduates, incompetent teaching, impersonal campuses -- so rolls the drumfire of criticism of higher education. More than two years of reports have spelled out the problems. States have been quick to respond by holding out carrots and beating with sticks. There are neither enough carrots nor enough sticks to improve undergraduate education without the commitment and action of students and faculty members. They are the precious resources on whom the improvement of undergraduate education depends. But how can students and faculty members improve undergraduate education? Many campuses around the country are asking this question. To provide a focus for their work, we offer seven principles based on research on good teaching and learning in colleges and universities. Good practice in undergraduate education: encourages contact between students and faculty, develops reciprocity and cooperation among students, encourages active learning, gives prompt feedback, emphasizes time on task, communicates high expectations, and respects diverse talents and ways of learning. We can do it ourselves - with a little bit of help... These seven principles are not ten commandments shrunk to a 20th century attention span. They are intended as guidelines for faculty members, students, and administrators -- with support from state agencies and trustees -- to improve teaching and learning. These principles seem like good common sense, and they are -- because many teachers and students have experienced them and because research supports them. They rest on 50 years of research on the way teachers teach and students learn, how students work and play with one another, and how students and faculty talk to each other. While each practice can stand alone on its own, when all are present their effects multiply. Together they employ six powerful forces in education: activity, expectations, cooperation, interaction, diversity, and responsibility. Good practices hold as much meaning for professional programs as for the liberal arts. They work for many different kinds of students -- white, black, Hispanic, Asian, rich, poor, older, younger, male, female, well-prepared, underprepared. But the ways different institutions implement good practice depend very much on their students and their circumstances. In what follows, we describe several different approaches to good practice that have been used in different kinds of settings in the last few years. In addition, the powerful implications of these principles for the way states fund and govern higher education and for the way institutions are run are discussed briefly at the end. As faculty members, academic administrators, and student personnel staff, we have spent most of our working lives trying to understand our students, our colleagues, our institutions and ourselves. We have conducted research on higher education with dedicated colleagues in a wide range of schools in this country. With the implications of this research for practice, we hope to help us all do better. We address the teacher's how, not the subject-matter what , of good practice in undergraduate education. We recognize that content and pedagogy interact in complex ways. We are also aware that there is much healthy ferment within and among the disciplines. What is taught, after all, is at least as important as how it is taught. In contrast to the long history of research in teaching and learning, there is little research on the college curriculum. We cannot, therefore, make responsible recommendations about the content of good undergraduate education. That work is yet to be done. This much we can say: An undergraduate education should prepare students to understand and deal intelligently with modern life. What better place to start but in the classroom and on our campuses? What better time than now? Seven Principles of Good Practice. 1. Encourages Contact Between Students and Faculty Frequent student-faculty contact in and out of classes is the most important factor in student motivation and involvement. Faculty concern helps students get through rough times and keep on working. Knowing a few faculty members well enhances students' intellectual commitment and encourages them to think about their own values and future plans. 2. Develops Reciprocity and Cooperation Among Students Learning is enhanced when it is more like a team effort that a solo race. Good learning, like good work, is collaborative and social, not competitive and isolated. Working with others often increases involvement in learning. Sharing one's own ideas and responding to others' reactions sharpens thinking and deepens understanding. 3. Encourages Active Learning Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just by sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences and apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves. 4. Gives Prompt Feedback Knowing what you know and don't know focuses learning. Students need appropriate feedback on performance to benefit from courses. When getting started, students need help in assessing existing knowledge and competence. In classes, students need frequent opportunities to perform and receive suggestions for improvement. At various points during college, and at the end, students need chances to reflect on what they have learned, what they still need to know, and how to assess themselves. 5. Emphasizes Time on Task Time plus energy equals learning. There is no substitute for time on task. Learning to use one's time well is critical for students and professionals alike. Students need help in learning effective time management. Allocating realistic amounts of time means effective learning for students and effective teaching for faculty. How an institution defines time expectations for students, faculty, administrators, and other professional staff can establish the basis of high performance for all. 6. Communicates High Expectations Expect more and you will get more. High expectations are important for everyone -- for the poorly prepared, for those unwilling to exert themselves, and for the bright and well motivated. Expecting students to perform well becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy when teachers and institutions hold high expectations for themselves and make extraefforts. 7. Respects Diverse Talents and Ways of Learning There are many roads to learning. People bring different talents and styles of learning to college. Brilliant students in the seminar room may be all thumbs in the lab or art studio. Students rich in hands-on experience may not do so well with theory. Students need the opportunity to show their talents and learn in ways that work for them. Then they can be pushed to learn in new ways that do not come so easily. Teachers and students hold the main responsibility for improving undergraduate education. But they need a lot of help. College and university leaders, state and federal officials, and accrediting associations have the power to shape an environment that is favorable togood practice in higher education. What qualities must this environment have? A strong sense of shared purposes. Concrete support from administrators and faculty leaders for those purposes. Adequate funding appropriate for the purposes. Policies and procedures consistent with the purposes. Continuing examination of how well the purposes are being achieved. There is good evidence that such an environment can be created. When this happens, faculty members and administrators think of themselves as educators. Adequate resources are put into creating opportunities for faculty members, administrators, and students to celebrate and reflect on their shared purposes. Faculty members receive support and release time for appropriate professional development activities. Criteria for hiring and promoting faculty members, administrators, and staff support the institution's purposes. Advising is considered important. Departments, programs, and classes are small enough to allow faculty members and students to have a sense of community, to experience the value of their contributions, and to confront the consequences of their failures. States, the federal government and accrediting associations affect the kind of environment that can develop on campuses in a variety of ways. The most important is through the allocation of financial support. States also influence good practice by encouraging sound planning, setting priorities, mandating standards, and reviewing and approving programs. Regional and professional accrediting associations require self-study and peer review in making judgments about programs and institutions. These sources of support and influence can encourage environments for good practice in undergraduate education by: setting policies that are consistent with good practice in undergraduate education, holding high expectations for institutional performance, keeping bureaucratic regulations to a minimum that is compatible with public accountability, allocating adequate funds for new undergraduate programs and the professional development of faculty members, administrators, and staff, encouraging employment of under-represented groups among administrators, faculty members, and student services professionals, and providing the support for programs, facilities, and financial aid necessary for good practice in undergraduate education. Hawaiian takes delivery ofMaui and Hawaii Helicopter Tours with Blue Hawaiian Helicopters - A Hawaii travel vacation adventure -- ALERT Saturday Dec 10th, 2005 4:00PM EST Our reservation processing server is down, causing error messages in parts of our website. 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Blue Hawaiian Helicopters 105 Kahului Heliport • Kahului, Maui, Hawaii 96732 Toll Free 800-745-BLUE 808-871-8844 (Maui) 808-961-5600 (Big Island) 808-245-5800 (Kauai) | Home | Maui Tours & Reservations | | Big Island Tours & Reservations | Kauai Tours & Reservations | | | Photo tour of the Islands | See your hotel from the air | | Driving maps & brochures | Webcam | Video Highlights | | Contact | FAQS | Links | Library | Privacy Policy | Employment | © 2005 Blue Hawaiian Helicopters, all rights reserved Creative Director: Roger Dubin • Webmaster: Robert S. Franklin All Graphics & Illustrations © Robert S. Franklin - Site by Franklin Graphics Hawaii Volcano Tours Rainforest/BeachHawaiitours-privateecotours,volcanotours,rainforesttours Private Tours Deep Hawaii "in depth" Nature Hiking Tours Photography Tours Hawaii Volcano Tours Rainforest/Beach Tours Birding Tours Private Tours for you and your family Lodging/volcano tour packages FAQs Deep Hawaii owner and guide Sean Stehura. Sean is also a Real-estate agent "I've hiked all over the world from the Sierra Mtns to Nepal and New Zealand. I know Hawaiian culture, plants, birds and geology. " Malama no ka 'aina. "Really take care of the land" Guests Photo Album Eco Tours | Volcano Tours Private Tours Rainforest/Beach Hiking Tour: Take a nature hiking tour through a lush Hawaiian coastal banyon/mango/palm rainforest to a white sand beach and nene sanctuary. Volcano Hiking Tour: Explore Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and hike a hidden koa forest. Lava viewing hike: View the flowing lava as it enters the ocean. Currently we have exciting surface lava flows. Mauna Kea birding - star gazing Hike one of the most exciting birding trails on Mauna Kea then drive up to the observatory to see the stars. Hot pool/Snorkling adventure Snorkel in the Blonde Reef and warm up at a natural, geothermal hot pool located in a tropical Hawaii dreamscape. Waipio Valley Jeep/hiking 4 wheel into Waipio Valley. Picnic on a black sand beach. Hike Waipio's rainforests. back to top E-mail us with the date of the hiking tour or vacation rental cottage you are interested in booking. A $75 deposit is required to reserve a hiking tour or vacation cottage. See FAQs for more information. e-mail us A special hiking experience with a very knowledgeable guide. Very comfortable and clean accommodations. Ben Durban, Chicago Had a great time hiking Scott&Kilie, Sidney Australia Guest Hiking Page Mahalo...Sean Stehura deep hawaii HC3 Box 10032 Keaau, Hi. 96749 808-966-6916 e-mail us back to top Stock Photos all photos and images property of Sean Stehura web design by on-line solutions, Hilo Hawaii revised Aug 2003 Hawaii HoneymoonHawaii Honeymoon packages, Hawaii Honeymoon Vacations, Kauai, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Big Island Bride & Groom Guests & Gifts Log In | Sign-Up -- Shopping Bag | | What do you think? What is your groom's style? Brad Pitt Samuel L. 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Want to mail/fax in your order or manually complete our online order form? Click Here Have a question? Click Here Sizing - Extra charges apply for larger sizes - see below for more information. Free Backside/Inside engraving - There is room on the backside of the bracelet (60 letters), ring(20 letters) and pendant(12 letters) for a short engraved message. After you click on the "Order Now" button you can enter your request in the Comments section on the next page. Example: Ring inside: Love John Secure Online Ordering - Order now using Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover, JCB How to order now: 1) Select your bracelet and ring size 2 ) Select your ring and bracelet design 3 ) Select your ring and bracelet lettering type 4) Enter your outside custom lettering for your bracelet and ring 5) Select your pendant flower option 6) Select your pendant lettering type 7) Select your pendant outside custom lettering 8) Select your chain length 9 ) Click on the "Order Now" button on the bottom of the page The price at the bottom of the screen will update each time you select a new option for your new bracelet. Bracelet Size: Size 7 Size 7.25 Size 7.50 Size 7.75 Size 8.0 Size 8.25 + $2.50 Size 8.50+ $5.00 Size 8.75 + $7.50 Size 9.0 + $10.00 Size 9.25 + $12.50 Size 9.50 + $15.00 Size 9.75 + $17.50 Size 10.0 + $20.00 There is a $2.50 charge for each 1/4 size above size 8.0. 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