Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely

Hotspots [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] The vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plateboundaries, but there are some exceptions. For example, the Hawaiian Islands,which are entirely of volcanic origin, have formed in the middle of thePacific Ocean more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. How dothe Hawaiian Islands and other volcanoes that form in the interior of platesfit into the plate-tectonics picture? Space Shuttle photograph of the Hawaiian Islands, the southernmostpart of the long volcanic trail of the "Hawaiian hotspot" (seetext). Kauai is in the lower right corner (edge) and the Big Island of Hawaiiin the upper left corner. Note the curvature of the Earth (top edge). (Photographcourtesy of NASA.) In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transformfaults, came up with an ingenious idea that became known as the "hotspot"theory. Wilson noted that in certain locations around the world, such asHawaii, volcanism has been active for very long periods of time. This couldonly happen, he reasoned, if relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionallyhot regions -- called hotspots -- existed below the plates that wouldprovide localized sources of high heat energy (thermal plumes) tosustain volcanism. Specifically, Wilson hypothesized that the distinctivelinear shape of the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamounts chain resulted fromthe Pacific Plate moving over a deep, stationary hotspot in the mantle,located beneath the present-day position of the Island of Hawaii. Heat fromthis hotspot produced a persistent source of magma by partly melting theoverriding Pacific Plate. The magma, which is lighter than the surroundingsolid rock, then rises through the mantle and crust to erupt onto the seafloor,forming an active seamount. Over time, countless eruptions cause the seamountto grow until it finally emerges above sea level to form an island volcano.Wilson suggested that continuing plate movement eventually carries the islandbeyond the hotspot, cutting it off from the magma source, and volcanismceases. As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over thehotspot, and the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and death,over many millions of years, has left a long trail of volcanic islands andseamounts across the Pacific Ocean floor. According to Wilson's hotspot theory, the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chainshould get progressively older and become more eroded the farther they travelbeyond the hotspot. The oldest volcanic rocks on Kauai, the northwesternmostinhabited Hawaiian island, are about 5.5 million years old and are deeplyeroded. By comparison, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii -- southeasternmostin the chain and presumably still positioned over the hotspot -- the oldestexposed rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and new volcanic rockis continually being formed. Above: Artist's conception of the movement of the PacificPlate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formationof the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain. (Modified from a drawing providedby Maurice Krafft, Centre de Volcanologie, France). Below: J. TuzoWilson's original diagram (slightly modified), published in 1963, to showhis proposed origin of the Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permissionof the Canadian Journal of Physics .) The possibility that the Hawaiian Islands become younger to the southeastwas suspected by the ancient Hawaiians, long before any scientific studieswere done. During their voyages, sea-faring Hawaiians noticed the differencesin erosion, soil formation, and vegetation and recognized that the islandsto the northwest (Niihau and Kauai) were older than those to the southeast(Maui and Hawaii). This idea was handed down from generation to generationin the legends of Pele, the fiery Goddess of Volcanoes. Pele originallylived on Kauai. When her older sister Namakaokahai, the Goddess of the Sea,attacked her, Pele fled to the Island of Oahu. When she was forced by Namakaokahaito flee again, Pele moved southeast to Maui and finally to Hawaii, whereshe now lives in the Halemaumau Crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.The mythical flight of Pele from Kauai to Hawaii, which alludes to the eternalstruggle between the growth of volcanic islands from eruptions and theirlater erosion by ocean waves, is consistent with geologic evidence obtainedcenturies later that clearly shows the islands becoming younger from northwestto southeast. Prominentworld hotspots [54 k] Although Hawaii is perhaps the best known hotspot, others are thought toexist beneath the oceans and continents. More than a hundred hotspots beneaththe Earth's crust have been active during the past 10 million years. Mostof these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate),but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated nearthe mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and theGalapagos Islands. A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate. Perhapsthe best known is the hotspot presumed to exist under the continental crustin the region of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. Hereare several calderas (large craters formed by the ground collapseaccompanying explosive volcanism) that were produced by three gigantic eruptionsduring the past two million years, the most recent of which occurred about600,000 years ago. Ash deposits from these powerful eruptions have beenmapped as far away as Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and even northern Mexico. Thethermal energy of the presumed Yellowstone hotspot fuels more than 10,000hot pools and springs, geysers (like Old Faithful), and bubbling mudpots (pools of boiling mud). A large body of magma, capped by a hydrothermalsystem (a zone of pressurized steam and hot water), still exists beneaththe caldera. Recent surveys demonstrate that parts of the Yellowstone regionrise and fall by as much as 1 cm each year, indicating the area is stillgeologically restless. However, these measurable ground movements, whichmost likely reflect hydrothermal pressure changes, do not necessarily signalrenewed volcanic activity in the area. Authors' Note: Since this booklet's publication in 1996, vigorous scientific debate has ensued regarding volcanism at "hotspots." New studies suggest that hotspots are neither deep phenomena nor "fixed" in position over geologic time, as assumed in the popular plume model. See http://www.mantleplumes.org/ ." Mauna Loa Volcano [36 k] | J. Tuzo Wilson | Longtrail of Hawaiian hotspot | "Contents" "Some unanswered questions" USGS Home Page Top of this Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/hotspots.html Last updated: 05.05.99 Contact: jmwatson@usgs.gov

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Bed and Breakfast, Hawaii B & B, Volcano Hawaii: Volcano Rainforest Retreat Home Page Guest Cottage Forest House Sanctuary Bamboo Guest House Gathering Hale Counseling / Reiki Healing Schedule of Events Volcano Area & Activities Hawaiian Links Information / Booking Relax and unwind... in one of four very private and distinctive cottages, the Guest Cottage and Forest House with access to the Jacuzzi hot tub in the Forest Pavilion, the Sanctuary cottage with a private o'furo (soaking tub) in the outdoor bathhouse; the Bamboo Guest House with a private o'furo ( soaking tub); and the Gathering Hale , the Golden's private, personal residence. Heal and deepen your life... with massage , energy healing, counseling , personal growth workshops, and guided spiritual retreats. Discover and explore... local attractions and other Volcano area activities. See also our Hawaiian Links ... As featured in the New York Times. Kahu Malama 'aina Hosts and caretakers Intimate Getaways Peaceful Retreats Wander the magical paths... of this serene retreat, secluded in a lush native rainforest on the Big Island of Hawai`i, adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , 3800 feet above the sea on the slopes of Kilauea, the most active volcano on earth. Volcano Rainforest Retreat is 28 miles (35 minutes) from the Hilo Airport and 103 miles (2 1/2 hours)from the Kona Airport. Need Directions? Map it out here . Kathleen and Peter Golden have created the retreat in this primal and sacred place and invite you to share in their aloha`aina, love of the land. View our guest cottages next the Guest Cottage the Forest House the Sanctuary the Bamboo Guest House the Gathering Place or go directly to our Booking Information. For fastest response to your Reservation Request please use our Information Form See also our Hawaiian Links P.O. Box 957 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 Local/ FAX (808) 985-8696 Toll Free (800) 550-8696 email: volrain@volcanoretreat.com

Hawaiian Wedding Hawaiian music

How to Find Music for a Hawaiian Wedding - eHow.com Clear Instructions on How To Do (just about) Everything Web eHow.com Home Family & Relationships Center Wedding Bells How to Find Music for a Hawaiian Wedding Hawaiian music has a slow, melodic sound all its own. Capture the feel of the islands by using this traditional music to set the tone of your special day. Steps: 1. Explore your options to learn what Hawaiian musicians are available. Check the yellow pages, do a search online, and ask island hotels and banquet halls for recommendations. 2. Consult with a wedding planner, who can make the arrangements for you if time is short. 3. Ask to listen to the musician play before you make any decisions. 4. Request the Hawaiian wedding song, called "Ke Kali Nei Au." This means, "I'm waiting for thee." 5. Ask to have it played on a guitar or a guitar-ukulele duet. 6. Arrange for a hula dancer to perform to the song. 7. Listen to a demo of Hawaiian music to hear how it sounds. 8. Select other Hawaiian songs you would like to include on your wedding day. Some of the options include the "Maile Swing," "Sophisticated Hula" and "Pretty Red Hibiscus." 9. Expect to pay about $150 an hour for a vocalist/guitarist, and $100 an hour for a hula dancer. But remember that prices can vary quite a bit, depending on the performer's level of experience. Tips: Ask a conch shell, or pu, blower to announce the beginning of your ceremony. This signifies that an important event is about to occur. Please Share Your Tips with Us More Resources: Contribute to eHow: Write an eHow Article Suggest a Topic Give Us Feedback on This Article Related eHows: Appreciate Hawaii's Culture Throw a Luau Plan a Hawaiian Wedding Celebrate a Hawaiian Christmas Hire Musicians Things You'll Need: Hawaiian Music Project Details: Skill Advisory: Moderately Easy New! -- Related eHows: Appreciate Hawaii's Culture Throw a Luau Plan a Hawaiian Wedding Celebrate a Hawaiian Christmas Hire Musicians Check out Thousands of How-To Solutions in eHow's Centers Automotive Careers & Education Computers & Home Electronics Family & Relationships Finance & Business Food & Entertaining Health Hobbies & Games Holidays & Traditions Home & Garden Personal Care & Style Pets Sports & Fitness Travel How to: --? Web eHow.com Home | Site Map | About Us | How To Books | Link to eHow Subscribe to the eHow of the Day Mailing List : Have the eHow of the Day appear on your My Yahoo! Page: Add the eHow of the Day to your RSS reader: © 1999-2005 eHow, Inc. How things get done. Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the eHow Terms of Use and Privacy .

Honolulu

SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION By Arthur W. Chickering and Zelda F. Gamson Reprinted with permission. Apathetic students, illiterate graduates, incompetent teaching, impersonal campuses -- so rolls the drumfire of criticism of higher education. More than two years of reports have spelled out the problems. States have been quick to respond by holding out carrots and beating with sticks. There are neither enough carrots nor enough sticks to improve undergraduate education without the commitment and action of students and faculty members. They are the precious resources on whom the improvement of undergraduate education depends. But how can students and faculty members improve undergraduate education? Many campuses around the country are asking this question. To provide a focus for their work, we offer seven principles based on research on good teaching and learning in colleges and universities. Good practice in undergraduate education: encourages contact between students and faculty, develops reciprocity and cooperation among students, encourages active learning, gives prompt feedback, emphasizes time on task, communicates high expectations, and respects diverse talents and ways of learning. We can do it ourselves - with a little bit of help... These seven principles are not ten commandments shrunk to a 20th century attention span. They are intended as guidelines for faculty members, students, and administrators -- with support from state agencies and trustees -- to improve teaching and learning. These principles seem like good common sense, and they are -- because many teachers and students have experienced them and because research supports them. They rest on 50 years of research on the way teachers teach and students learn, how students work and play with one another, and how students and faculty talk to each other. While each practice can stand alone on its own, when all are present their effects multiply. Together they employ six powerful forces in education: activity, expectations, cooperation, interaction, diversity, and responsibility. Good practices hold as much meaning for professional programs as for the liberal arts. They work for many different kinds of students -- white, black, Hispanic, Asian, rich, poor, older, younger, male, female, well-prepared, underprepared. But the ways different institutions implement good practice depend very much on their students and their circumstances. In what follows, we describe several different approaches to good practice that have been used in different kinds of settings in the last few years. In addition, the powerful implications of these principles for the way states fund and govern higher education and for the way institutions are run are discussed briefly at the end. As faculty members, academic administrators, and student personnel staff, we have spent most of our working lives trying to understand our students, our colleagues, our institutions and ourselves. We have conducted research on higher education with dedicated colleagues in a wide range of schools in this country. With the implications of this research for practice, we hope to help us all do better. We address the teacher's how, not the subject-matter what , of good practice in undergraduate education. We recognize that content and pedagogy interact in complex ways. We are also aware that there is much healthy ferment within and among the disciplines. What is taught, after all, is at least as important as how it is taught. In contrast to the long history of research in teaching and learning, there is little research on the college curriculum. We cannot, therefore, make responsible recommendations about the content of good undergraduate education. That work is yet to be done. This much we can say: An undergraduate education should prepare students to understand and deal intelligently with modern life. What better place to start but in the classroom and on our campuses? What better time than now? Seven Principles of Good Practice. 1. Encourages Contact Between Students and Faculty Frequent student-faculty contact in and out of classes is the most important factor in student motivation and involvement. Faculty concern helps students get through rough times and keep on working. Knowing a few faculty members well enhances students' intellectual commitment and encourages them to think about their own values and future plans. 2. Develops Reciprocity and Cooperation Among Students Learning is enhanced when it is more like a team effort that a solo race. Good learning, like good work, is collaborative and social, not competitive and isolated. Working with others often increases involvement in learning. Sharing one's own ideas and responding to others' reactions sharpens thinking and deepens understanding. 3. Encourages Active Learning Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just by sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences and apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves. 4. Gives Prompt Feedback Knowing what you know and don't know focuses learning. Students need appropriate feedback on performance to benefit from courses. When getting started, students need help in assessing existing knowledge and competence. In classes, students need frequent opportunities to perform and receive suggestions for improvement. At various points during college, and at the end, students need chances to reflect on what they have learned, what they still need to know, and how to assess themselves. 5. Emphasizes Time on Task Time plus energy equals learning. There is no substitute for time on task. Learning to use one's time well is critical for students and professionals alike. Students need help in learning effective time management. Allocating realistic amounts of time means effective learning for students and effective teaching for faculty. How an institution defines time expectations for students, faculty, administrators, and other professional staff can establish the basis of high performance for all. 6. Communicates High Expectations Expect more and you will get more. High expectations are important for everyone -- for the poorly prepared, for those unwilling to exert themselves, and for the bright and well motivated. Expecting students to perform well becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy when teachers and institutions hold high expectations for themselves and make extraefforts. 7. Respects Diverse Talents and Ways of Learning There are many roads to learning. People bring different talents and styles of learning to college. Brilliant students in the seminar room may be all thumbs in the lab or art studio. Students rich in hands-on experience may not do so well with theory. Students need the opportunity to show their talents and learn in ways that work for them. Then they can be pushed to learn in new ways that do not come so easily. Teachers and students hold the main responsibility for improving undergraduate education. But they need a lot of help. College and university leaders, state and federal officials, and accrediting associations have the power to shape an environment that is favorable togood practice in higher education. What qualities must this environment have? A strong sense of shared purposes. Concrete support from administrators and faculty leaders for those purposes. Adequate funding appropriate for the purposes. Policies and procedures consistent with the purposes. Continuing examination of how well the purposes are being achieved. There is good evidence that such an environment can be created. When this happens, faculty members and administrators think of themselves as educators. Adequate resources are put into creating opportunities for faculty members, administrators, and students to celebrate and reflect on their shared purposes. Faculty members receive support and release time for appropriate professional development activities. Criteria for hiring and promoting faculty members, administrators, and staff support the institution's purposes. Advising is considered important. Departments, programs, and classes are small enough to allow faculty members and students to have a sense of community, to experience the value of their contributions, and to confront the consequences of their failures. States, the federal government and accrediting associations affect the kind of environment that can develop on campuses in a variety of ways. The most important is through the allocation of financial support. States also influence good practice by encouraging sound planning, setting priorities, mandating standards, and reviewing and approving programs. Regional and professional accrediting associations require self-study and peer review in making judgments about programs and institutions. These sources of support and influence can encourage environments for good practice in undergraduate education by: setting policies that are consistent with good practice in undergraduate education, holding high expectations for institutional performance, keeping bureaucratic regulations to a minimum that is compatible with public accountability, allocating adequate funds for new undergraduate programs and the professional development of faculty members, administrators, and staff, encouraging employment of under-represented groups among administrators, faculty members, and student services professionals, and providing the support for programs, facilities, and financial aid necessary for good practice in undergraduate education.

Oahu

Oahu - Hawaiian Islands O'AHU The Gathering Place Capital of allthe islands of Hawaii, O'hau is for beachcombers, honeymooners and adventurers of all ages. With itsperfect weather, tropical flowers, pristine valleys, rainbows and waterfalls, quietbeaches and fiery sunsets, it is truly a jewel. Honolulu, the capital, is set over fivehills, surrounded by beautiful white sandy beaches and attracts over seven millionvisitors each year. It offers plazas, parks with cascading waterfalls, five starrestaurants, nightclubs, world-class shopping, great art and architecture, exquisitehotels and friendly people with old fashioned aloha spirit - all the convenience of cityliving with the beauty and ambience of the tropics. A great way toget an overview of Honolulu's offerings is to take the Historic Waikiki Trolley Tour, atwo hour narrated tour on a turn of the century designed trolley which stops every fifteenminutes at twenty locations allowing you to get off and spend time at as many stops as youlike before rejoining the route. Stops include Honolulu's Zoo, State Capitol, HonoluluAcademy of the Art, Chinatown, Bishop Museum, Aloha Tower Marketplace and the HawaiiMaritime Centre, King Kamehameha Statue, Restaurant Row and numerous shopping locations. There are morethan a dozen specialised walking tours in Honolulu including a number which focus onhistorical sites such as the Kawaiaha'o Church, Hawaii's oldest. Others are in Chinatownwhich has several buildings erected at the turn of the century with architecturereminiscent of a bygone era. You will stroll through the colourful arcades, pass theexotic herb shops and see the famous open market. More than onemillion visitors a year experience a taste of old Polynesia and the charm and beauty ofthe seven South Pacific Societies at the Polynesian Cultural Centre. While there, visitthe Imax Theatre, experience a Luau and see the spectacular Polynesian review. Take a nostalgictrip to Pearl Harbour where you can step aboard the USS Bowfin a realWW2 submarine. You can learn more about this compelling wartime saga by visiting the USSArizona Memorial Visitor Centre displaying WW2 Naval History and see a film about thesneak attack. Also, the USS Battleship Missouri "Mighty Mo", known forits involvement in WW2, the Korean War and most recently, the Gulf War, is the newlyopened museum located near Ford Island at Pearl Harbour. Outdoorattractions include Sea Life Park which has the world's only "Wholpin",offspring of a false killer whale and an atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Waikiki Aquariumhouses several endangered and rare species, interactive exhibits and a world famouscollection of tropical fish. Waimea Valley onthe north shore is an 1,800 acre natural park with botanic gardens, hula performances anda host of activities including mountain bikes and kayaks. Numerous cruises offer theopportunity to take in the spectacular coastline and whale watching cruises are ahighlight in season. A safe and interesting way to witness the natural wonders of the reefis to take a trip in a high tech Atlantis Sub to a depth of 100 feet. Through the portsyou will see a visual feast of colourful reef fish and mysterious ocean predators. No visit toHawaii would be complete without a swim or at least a walk along the promenade at famousWaikiki Beach. Surf boards and boogie boards are available for rent with the option oflessons for the novices. Other activities include windsurfing, sailing, canoe rides,kayaking, waterskiing and jetskiing. O'ahu is agourmet paradise with cuisine that is a blend of the spices of Asia and the Pacific withEuropean styles and sources. It is also a shopper's paradise with everything from theInternational Market Place to famous Ala Moana, one of the largest open-air shoppingcentres in the USA. Where else canyou snorkel a crystal lagoon, climb a dormant volcano, surf huge waves, kayak along apristine coastline, picnic on a sandbar, soar in a glider, scuba dive over sunkenaeroplanes, play golf at a championship course and sail into a magnificent sunset? SPECTACULAR O'AHU ForMore Information Contact: O'AHUVISITORS BUREAU 733 Bishop Street, Suite 1872, Pauahi Tower, Honolulu HAWAII 96813 USA Telephone: +1 808 5240722 Facsimile: +1 808 5211620 Jane's Hawaii Home Page Jane's Oceania Home Page (E-mail: jane@janeresture.com -- Rev. 10th February2005)